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HerbMed® - an interactive, electronic herbal
database – which provides hyperlinked access
to the scientific data underlying the use of herbs
for health. It is an evidence-based information
resource for professionals, researchers, and general
public.
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Common Name :
Shiitake
Latin Name :
Lentinus edodes
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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials |
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A clinical trial of HIV positive patients with CD4 levels 200-500 and w/o current opportunistic infections, confirmed the good tolerability of lentinan. Side effects were mild. Patients have shown a trend toward increases in CD4 cells and in some, neutrophil activity Gordon 1998 |
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Observational Studies/Case Reports |
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A 67-year-old patient presented the typical linear scratch marks of shitake dermatitis after a dinner in a Chinese restaurant. Since Shiitake is the second most popular mushroom in the world, possible cofactors are discussed that may trigger the toxic reaction.
Haas 2001 |
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Flagellate skin lesions occur in some patients after eating the mushroom Lentinus edodes, called shiitake dermatitis in Japan. A 44-year-old man is described with such skin lesions on his trunk after eating L. edodes, who developed as well photosensitive skin lesions on exposed areas. Hanada 1998 |
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The following description reviews the clinical manifestations, laboratory investigations and sources of shiitake dermatitis.
Nakamura 1992 |
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Contemporary Standardized Methods |
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When Lentinus edodes were stored at low temperature, the contents of their anti-tumor polysaccharides show hardly any changes, but their contents decreased markedly at higher temperature (20 degrees C). Mizuno 2000 |
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The lentinan content of Lentinus edodes before storage decreased over 7 days at 20 degrees C., but only slightly at lower temperatures. Glucanase activity, which seems to be associated with lentinan degradation, increased more during storage at 20 degrees C than it did at lower temperatures. Minato 1999 |
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Pharmacodynamics |
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The mycelium-free culture fluid of Lentinus edodes was bacteriostatic against Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus megaterium. The substance responsible for the activity was heat-stable, could be extracted with chloroform and had a molecular weight under 10000. Hatvani 2001 |
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Basidiolipids (including from Lentinus edodes) which were recognized by the human IgG2 and IgM heterophile antibodies had either terminal Galalpha1-6Gal < or Galbeta1-6Man< epitopes. Enzymatic destruction of the respective carbohydrate epitopes abolished the previous immune reactivity. Jennemann 2001 |
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Auricularia auricula-judae, Clitocybe nebularis, Lentinus edodes, Pholiota aurivella, and Pseudohiatula oshimae produced a considerable amount of phenoloxidases (on potato dextrose agar plates that contained phenolic chemicals).
Morisaki 2001 |
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Hemagglutinating activity of culture liquid was substantially higher than mycelium for four strains of Lentinus edodes. The carbohydrate-binding capacity of the agglutinins was established. The lectin activity seem to be involved in the formation of hyphal aggregates of brown mycelial film.
Tsivileva 2001 |
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A review of studies focused on the relationship between polysaccharides or polysaccharide-protein complex structures and antitumor activity, elucidation of their antitumor mechanism at the molecular level, and improvement of their various biological activities by chemical modifications.
Ooi 2000 |
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Shiitake extract showed an inhibitory effect on water-insoluble glucan formation from sucrose by crude glucosyltransferases of Streptococcus mutans JC-2 and S. sobrinus OMZ-176. The firmly adherent plaque in the artificial plaque formation test was strongly inhibited by shiitake extract. Shouji 2000 |
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A study of the agglutinating activity of different morphogenetic structures of Lentinus edodes, mycelium, brown mycelial mat (MM), primordia, and fruiting bodies found that MM exhibited the maximum agglutination. [Article in Russian]
Tsivileva 2000 |
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A critical review of existing data on the mechanism of whole mushrooms and isolated mushroom compounds, in particular (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans, and the means by which they modulate the immune system and potentially exert tumor-inhibitory effects. Borchers 1999 |
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Antibacterials were extracted by chloroform, ethylacetate or water from Lentinus edodes, active against Streptococcus spp., Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Prevotella spp., and Porphyromonas spp. of oral origin n contrast to general bacteria, which very little activy was found. Hirasawa 1999 |
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Chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (including Lentinus edodes) were compared using in vitro screening method of initiation and promotion processes in carcinogenesis and found to produced anti-genotoxic and anti-tumor promoting activities. Kim 1999 |
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A novel Lentinus proteinase inhibitor has been purified from the fruiting bodies of Lentinus edodes. No apparently homologous proteinase inhibitors in the protein database were found, though there is a stong similarity to the propeptide segment of a microbial serine proteinase. Odani 1999 |
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The aqueous extract of the shiitake mushroom was found to decrease IL-1 production and apoptosis in human neutrophils, as measured by ELISA and flow cytometry respectively. It was found to increase IL-1 production and apoptosis in the U937 monocytic cell line. Sia 1999 |
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This review highlights some of the recently isolated and identified substances of higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms origin that express promising antitumor, immune modulating, cardiovascular and hypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic effects. Wasser 1999 |
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By administration of a new polysaccharide-peptide complex from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes (LE), the expression levels of IL-2 and TNF-alpha genes were augmented in the treated murine spleen mononuclear cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Liu 1998 |
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The water-soluble lignin rich fraction (JLS-18) was prepared from LEM (the extract of the solid culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia) using ultrafiltration and hydrophobic column chromatography. JLS-18 showed about 70 times higher antiviral activity than LEM in vitro. Yamamoto 1997 |
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The Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif-containing fragment of high-molecular-weight cell-adhesion protein MFBA derived from Lentinus edodes caused a significant aggregation of the fragmented hyphal cells of Schizophyllum commune. Yasuda 1997 |
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A xylose-rich heteroglycan-protein fraction was prepared from a solid culture medium in which Lentinus edodes mycelia were growing actively. This heteroglycan-protein fraction stimulated production of IFN-gamma and nitrite in mouse splenic cells, augmenting antitumor immune response(s).
Hibino 1994 |
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An extract of culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia, JLS-S001, significantly blocked the release of infectious herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) from African green monkey kidney cells. Sarkar 1993 |
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The active principle of EP3, a fraction from an extract of the culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia, which causes proliferation of bone marrow cells, and inhibits HIV replication in vitro, was characterized as a water-solubilized lignin. Suzuki 1990 |
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Animal Studies |
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Mice were pretreated with solutions of Shiitake, intraperitoneally injected15 d. later with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea or cyclophosphamide and killed 24 or 48 h after treatment , results showing a high degree of variability, with some indications of an antigenotoxic effect.. de Lima 2001 |
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In the control group of rats, total LDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly higher and fecal cholesterol excretionwas significantly lower than the Lentinus Fukushima 2001 |
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The mitosis index of hepatoma cells in vitro and the inhibition rates against implanted S-180 tumors in mice could be significantly decreased by treatment with the polysaccharide extracts from Lentinus Jiang 1999 |
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In this study, mice were treated with a carcinogen to induce urinary bladder carcinoma and it was observed that carcinoma occurred only in 9 of 17 mice (52.9%), in 7 of 15 mice (46.7%) and 13 of 20 mice (65.0%) treated with Lentinus edodes.
Kurashige 1997 |
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Lentinan (LNT), a beta-glucan derived from Lentinus edodes is known to work positively against cachexia in patients with malignant tumors. The results suggest that LNT partially normalizes TNF-induced cachexia in rats.
Tamura 1997 |
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Antibodies against beta-glucan, lentinan from Lentinus edodes were raised in the rabbit by subcutaneous immunization, did not recognize the other polysaccharides and the lentinan contents could be measured by ELISA with the anti-lentinan antisera. Mizono 1996 |
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Chronic oral administration Lentinus edodes treated with wet-heating and fructo-oligosaccharides significantly prevented pulmonary thrombosis induced by lactic acidosis in rats. However, decreases in the numbers of platelet and fibrinogen level by lactate were not changed. Otsuka 1996 |
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Rats were fed diets of the semi-purified dietary fiber, fat level was varied, and cholesterol (Chol) was added toward the end of the experimental period. After 7 weeks, decreases of serum and liver Chol conc. was observed in the Lentinus edodes group when compared to the cellulose group. Sannoumaru 1996 |
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Rats were fed the control or eritadenine-supplemented (Lentinus edodes) diet for 14 d. The supplementation significantly decreased the plasma concentrations of cholesterol and phospholipids, but not triglycerides. The PC/PE ratio of liver microsomes was also markedly decreased. Sugiyama 1996 |
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The immunomodulating effect of Lentinan (Lentinus edodes) may be relevant to change of T cell subpopulation and increase of TNF production as studied in vivo by measuring the cellular delayed type hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene in cyclophosphamide-comprised mice. .
Wang 1996 |
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Eritadenine (Lentinus edodes) supplementation significantly decreased the phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine and the S-adenosylmethionine:S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio in rat liver microsomes, irrespective of dietary choline levels. Sugiyama 1995 |
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IL-1 beta levels in the liver and spleen rose 2-6 h after oral administration of Lentinus edodes mycelia to mice, returning to their baseline levels 24 h later, suggesting: hepatic IL-1 beta is potentiated or IL-1 beta production by liver macrophages is stimulated by these agents. Morinaga 1994 |
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Rabbits were intravenously injected with lentinan just before injecting fecal suspension into the ligated choledochus. In septic animals without lentinan treatment, platelet counts dropped serially following the septic insult and a paracoagulation test turned positive. Tsujinaka 1990 |
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Analytical Chemistry |
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Basidiolipids, including those from Lentinus Jennemann 2001 |
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Solid-state NMR spectroscopy reveals a difference in the ratio between the glucidic and the proteic resonances, depending on the mushroom species. An accurate inspection by model compounds and suitable mixtures of proteins and saccharides provides good correlation. Pizzoferrato 2000 |
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In Lentinus edodes, fatty acids are characterized by a high C16:0 level and the presence of C16:1. Neutral lipids of L. edodes have a high monoglyceride and free fatty acid content and a low triglyceride level and the main phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin. Feofilova 1998 |
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Genetics & Molecular Biology |
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A multicomponent protein complex containing manganese (II)-dependent peroxidase, laccase and beta-glucosidase was isolated from culture extracts of the white rot basidiomycete Lentinula edodes. This protein complex showed a single protein band on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Makkar 2001 |
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The mushroom Lentinus edodes produces three base-non-specific and acid ribonucleases, RNases Le2, Le37, and Le45. The latter two are excreted from mycelia into the medium. The primary structure of RNase Le37, which had a molecular mass of 37 kDa, was sequenced. Inokuchi 2000 |
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This paper identified possible cellular functions of the CAP (adenylyl cyclase-associated) protein by using a yeast two-hybrid system. Among the candidates thus obtained, many clones encoded the C-terminal half of an Lenticus edodes 14-3-3 homologue. Zhou 2000 |
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The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene of Lentinus edodes was isolated from a genomic DNA library and cDNA corresponding to this gene was isolated from a mycelium cDNA library. Hirano 1999 |
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By using a yeast two-hybrid assay, an interaction was demonstrated between the Lentinus edodes adenylyl-cyclase-associated protein (CAP) and Schiz. pombe actin. This result and the functional complementation test indicate that CAP from L. edodes has a conserved C-terminal domain function.
Zhou 1998 |
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Six tyrosinase isozymes were purified from the fruiting body of Lentinus edodes by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Sephacel and Q-Sepharose column chromatography, and partially denaturing SDS-PAGE. Kanda 1996 |
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