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HerbMed® - an interactive, electronic herbal
database – which provides hyperlinked access
to the scientific data underlying the use of herbs
for health. It is an evidence-based information
resource for professionals, researchers, and general
public.
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Common Name :
Licorice
Latin Name :
Glycyrrhiza glabra
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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) |
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Clinical Trials |
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Urine excretion of 11beta HSD type2 glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors from 30 unmedicated subjects was increased with a low-Na+ diet in hypertensive subjects but not in normal subjects Morris 1998 |
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Review of treating hepatitis in Japan for 2 decades with glycyrrhizin finds reduction of serum aminotransferases, improvement in liver histology and prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma van Rossum 1998 |
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84 hepatitis C patients treated with SNMC (glycyrrhizin, L-cystein, aminoacetic acid, and sodium sulfite), 100 mL/d for 8 weeks, then 2-7 times a week for 2-16 years, had half the rate of hepatocellular carcinoma as 109 untreated patients Arase 1997 |
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54 TB patiends getting Urtica, Glycyrrhiza, Tanacetum, Mentha had improvement over the 58 controls getting essentiale, legilon, Liv-52, hemodez [Article in Russian]
Galitskii 1997 |
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Serum glycyrrhetinic acid reached 6.3 mg/l 2 to 4 hours after 10 people ingested 500 mg glycyrrhetinic acid; dropping to 0.33 mg/l after 24 hours. Determination by ALCAassay Heilmann 1997 |
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Beta-glucuronidase varies widely in people (liver: 0.32 - 1.85 and kidney: 0.07 - 1.00 mumol/mg/h). It is inhibited competitively by glycyrrhizin (Ki = 470 and 570 microM), estradiol 3-glucuronide (900 and 1200 microM), paracetamol glucuronide (1.6 and 2 mM) Sperker 1997 |
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Hepatitis treatment with daily 80 mg intravenous (i.v.) glycyrrhizin for 2 weeks indicates restoration of AST and ALT require plasma concentration near 5 micrograms/ml Yamamura 1997 |
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Efficacy of interferon combined glycyrrhizin therapy in patients with interferon-resistant chronic hepatitis C [Article in Japanese]
Okuno 1995 |
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Normalization of serum ALT and disappearance of serum hepatitis C RNA improved when Stronger Neominophagen C was added to interferon in a small trial of 28 patients [Article in Japanese]
Abe 1994 |
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Pharmakokinetics of 500, 1000, or 1500 mg 18 beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid in humans. Mean half life was 11.5 and 38.7 hours after 1000 or 1500 mg Krahenbuhl 1994 |
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Survival of 18 viral hepatitis patients given an interferon stimulator derived from G. glabra was 72% compared with only 31% of 98 patients getting supportive therapy Acharya 1993 |
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200 precancerous patients treated with Hua-sheng-ping (Chrysanthemum morifolium, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Panax notoginseng) had 95.5% effective rate compared with 57% in the control group [Article in Chinese]
Yu 1993 |
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Transdermal 10% lignocaine gel mixture containing 3% w/w glycyrrhetinic acid monohemiphthalate disodium as an absorption promoter was evaluated in 34 patients Kano 1992 |
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GI metaplasia and hyperplasia were reduced by 5-7g tid oral Xiao Wei Yan (Smilax glabrae, Hedyotis diffusae, Taraxacum mongolicum, Caesalpinia sappan, Paeonia alba, Cyperus rotundus, Bletilla striata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis etc) [Article in Chinese] Liu 1992 |
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Toothpastes containing 0.00%, 0.25% or 0.50% glycyrrhizin, showed no significant difference in plaque, gingival and bleeding indices Goultschin 1991 |
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Topical anesthesia by 10% lidocaine was improved by 3% glycyrrhetinic acid. Pain score was reduced from 2.5 to 1.3 in a double blind trial with 24 patients [Article in Japanese]
Hashiguchi 1990 |
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Immune response was improved by Ma-Xin-Shi-Gan tang (Ephedra, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Glycyrrhizae and Gypsum) in 64 children with respiratory tract infection [Article in Chinese]
Yue 1990 |
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Aphthous ulcers were improved 50-75% in 1 day in 15 out of 20 patients followed by complete healing of the ulcers by third day Das 1989 |
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100 g/d of licorice for 8 weeks increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide by 81% and decreased antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and plasma renin activity in 12 people Forslund 1989 |
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Mouth rinse with glycyrrhizin resulted in less dental plaque after 3 days in a preliminary trial with 21 people Steinberg 1989 |
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47% of gastric ulcers were healed after 20-days and 32% were reduced in size but the difference from the control placebo group was statistically insignificant [Article in Bulgarian]
Brailski 1987 |
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0.2% IDU in glycyrrhizin gel was more effective than 0.5% IDU ointment for herpes of the face Segal 1987 |
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SNMC alleviated uncomfortable side effects of cancer chemotherapy mix of mitomycin, methotrexate and futraful, in a trial with 117 patients [Article in Japanese]
Akimoto 1986 |
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Preliminary observation on hypoglycemic responses in 214 diabetes mellitus patients treated with ganshao jiangtang tablets [Article in Chinese]
Wang 1986 |
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Carbenoxolone-treated patients with reflux oesophagitis had an 82% improvement in 8 weeks and improved 50% faster than controls, who showed a 63% improvement. Side effects were minimized by small frequent doses (5 X 20 mg daily) Young 1986 |
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Gastric ulcer treatment with carbenoxolone (glycyrrhetinic acid derivative) at 300 mg/d or pirenzepine at 150 mg/d had similar modest benefit but differences in side effects, in a study with 66 patients Bianchi Porro 1985 |
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Triletide (1.5 g/day) was more effective than carbenoxolone (0.3 g/day) against benign gastric ulcer in a trial with 20 patients Campisi 1985 |
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Cicloxolone was more effective than carbenoxolone against herpes genitalis in a trial with 79 patients Csonka 1984 |
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Effect of a fraction of methanol extraction of licorice root on release of secretin in humans[Article in Japanese]
Shiratori 1984 |
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Clinical evaluation of a gingival massage agent (LPD) on gingivitis and marginal periodontitis using a double blind method [Article in Japanese]
Yamashita 1984 |
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The effects of ingestion of moderate quantities of liquorice [Article in Danish]
Gotzsche 1983 |
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Duodenal ulcer healed in 61% of the carbenoxolone group and 72% of the cimetidine group (difference not statistically significant) in a trial with 60 patients Cook 1980 |
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70% healing by Biogastrone (carbenoxolone) of gastric and duodenal ulcers vs. 36% in the placebo group in a trial with 70 patients Loginov 1980 |
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Symptomatic improvement was achieved in 85% of 96 peptic oesophagitis patients treated 4 - 8 weeks with carbenoxolone. Concurrent use of metoclopramide and cimetidine did not enhance healing or symptom relief Markham 1980 |
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Duodenal ulcer healing was about the same with carbenoxolone as cimetidine Schenk 1980 |
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Gastric ulcer responded better to 4-6 weeks of carbenoxolone than to placebo in a trial with 40 patients Schwamberger 1980 |
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Gastric ulcer healing was greater with carbenoxolone (300 mg/day for 1 week, 200 mg/day for 3 weeks) than pirenzepine (75 mg/day for 1 week, 50 mg/day for 3 weeks in a preliminary trial Barbara 1979 |
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Diagnosis and therapy of peptic ulcer. Clinical report with double-blind study [Article in German]
Bouzo 1979 |
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Gastric ulcers benefited more than duodenal ulcers from biogastrone (carbenoxolone) in a trial with 43 patients [Article in Bulgarian]
Brailski 1979 |
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Controlled clinical evaluation of the therapeutic activity of 3 antiulcer agents in peptic ulcer: carbenoxolone, proglumide and zolimidine [Article in Italian]
Fossati 1979 |
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Ulcers healed in 78% of the cimetidine group (800 mg/d) and 52% of the carbenoxolone group (300 mg/d for a week and 150 mg/d for 5 weeks) in a trial with 54 patients La Brooy 1979 |
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Gastric mucosal damage induced by 60 mg aspirin to rats was reduced by deglycyrrhizinated liquorice. Human faecal blood loss induced by 975 mg aspirin orally 3 times a day was less when 350 mg deglycyrrhizinated liquorice was added Rees 1979 |
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Duodenal ulcers healed in 60% of the carbenoxolone group vs. 25% in the placebo group in a 6 week trial with 40 patients. Serum carbenoxolone in patients with healed ulcers was 31 microgram/mL vs. 18 in the others Young 1979 |
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Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in the treatment of chronic duodenal ulcer.
Balakrishnan 1978 |
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Gastric ulcers did not benefit from deglycyrrhizinised liquorice compared with placebo in a randomized trial with 96 patients Bardhan 1978 |
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29 gastric ulcer clinical trials during 1964-74 all had methodology shortcomings Christensen 1978 |
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Double-blind trial in duodenal and gastric ulcers. Cimetidine and deglycyrrhizinized liquorice.
D'Imperio 1978 |
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Prophylaxis with deglycyrrhizinised liquorice in patients with healed gastric ulcer.
Hollanders 1978 |
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Oesophagitis was improved by carbenoxolone more than placebo in an 8 week trial with 37 patients Reed 1978 |
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Deglycyrrhizinised liquorice in duodenal ulcer.
Larkworthy 1977 |
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Deglycyrrhizinized liquorice extract lacks prophylactic effect for postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding [Article in German]
Nussbaumer 1977 |
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Gastrin increase and potassium decrease by liquorice and carbenoxolone in healthy people [Article in German] Baas 1976 |
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Proceedings: Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in gastric ulcer: a double blind controlled study.
Bardhan 1976 |
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Gastric ulcer healing was not speeded by eight weeks of rucedal, a licorice derivative Scobie 1975 |
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Deglycyrrhizinised liquorice: a report of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in peptic ulcer.
Brogden 1974 |
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Carbenoxolone sodium in the treatment of peptic ulcer. A review.
Lewis 1974 |
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Aphthous and ulcerating changes of the mouth mucosa. Treatment with carbenoxolone-sodium [Article in German]
Worner 1974 |
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Double-blind trial of deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in gastric ulcer. Engqvist 1973 |
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Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in duodenal ulcer.
Tewari 1973 |
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Improved treatment of chronic pyelonephritis with nitrofurantoin in combination with deglycyrrhizinated liquorice.
Gromotka 1972 |
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A comparison of carbenoxolone sodium and deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in the treatment of gastric ulcer in the ambulant patient.
Wilson 1972 |
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Treatment of duodenal ulcer with glycyrrhizinic-acid-reduced liquorice. A multicentre trial.
anon 1971 |
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A trial of deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in the treatment of duodenal ulcer.
Feldman 1971 |
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Clinical trial of deglydyrrhizinized liquorice in gastric ulcer.
Turpie 1969 |
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Some experience with deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers with special reference to its spasmolytic effect.
Tewari 1968 |
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A clinical trial of glycyrrhiza glabra in pemphigus.
Saxena 1965 |
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"Improvements in transaminase values of 133 hepatitis patients by 2 mg glycyrrhizin, 1 mg cysteine, and 20 mg glycine (to prevent pseudoaldosteronism) per ml given i.v. for four weeks"--Suzuki H, Ohta Y, Takino T, et al. |
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"The therapeutic effects of Stronger Neo Minophagen C for chronic hepatitis."--Igaku no Ayumi 1977;102:562-568 |
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Observational Studies/Case Reports |
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Testosterone decreased 35% and 17-hydroxyprogesterone increased 21% in 7 men taking 7 g/d licorice (500 mg glycyrrhizic acid) for a week; returning to normal 4 days later. This indicates inhibition of 17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17,20-lyase Armanini 1999 |
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Urine metabolites provide a simple noninvasive measure of glycyrrhetinic inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. There is high correlation of glycyrrhetinic acid and the cortisol/cortisone-ratio in 10 people taking 500 mg glycyrrhetinic acid Heilmann 1999 |
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LDL, from humans given 100 mg/d licorice extract for 2 weeks or from apoE deficient mice given 20 microg/d glabridin for 6 weeks, was more resistant to oxidation Fuhrman 1997 |
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Glycyrrhetic acid in human blood after ingestion of glycyrrhizic acid in licorice.
Gunnarsdottir 1997 |
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Effectiveness of herbal medicine (shakuyaku-kanzo-to) for neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia Yamada 1997 |
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7 g/d (equiv. 500 mg glycyrrhizic acid) to 6 men resulted in pseudohyperaldosteronism symptoms of increased body weight, and decreases of plasma renin, aldosterone and potassium Armanini 1996 |
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Oral lichen planus was reduced in 6 of 9 hepatitis C patients by glycyrrhizin, 40 ml (0.2% solution) i.v. daily, for 4 weeks Da Nagao 1996 |
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Licorice ameliorates postural hypotension caused by diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
Basso 1994 |
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The therapeutic effect of licorice in patients with primary arterial hypotension [Article in Russian]
Charyev 1994 |
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Clinical development plan: 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid.
Kelloff 1994 |
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Cytomegalovirus in three infants was treated with Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (SNMC, 0.2% glycyrrhizin in saline (2 mg/ml), 2% glycine and 0.1% cysteine) at 50 ml/d i.v. with apparent benefit Numazaki 1994 |
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8 patients with chronic hepatitis C who did not respond to the initial interferon therapy had HCV RNA became negative in 4 of them after 80 ml of SNMC i.v., three times a week for 6 months [Article in Japanese]
Okuno 1994 |
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60 HIV-infected patients were treated with Glyke, 40 mg, 3 times daily x 3-6 months showed an effective rate of 35% [Article in Chinese]
Lu 1993 |
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Serum potassium decreased from 5.3 to 4.4 mEq by 150 mg/day of glycyrrhizine in 8 diabetic patients; indicating liquorice can be used safely for treating hyperkalemia due to selective hypoaldosteronism in diabetic patients Murakami 1993 |
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Liver dysfunction in patients with cytomegalovirus was improved by glycyrrhizin Numazaki 1993 |
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Hepatitis treatment for 12 months (three times a week, short infusions) with Remefa S (glycyrrhizinic acid) appeared to provide benefit for 7 patients [Article in German]
Eisenburg 1992 |
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Pharmacokinetic profile of glycyrrhizin in humans found that oral glycyrrhizin (100 mg) results in plasma glycyrrhetic acid at 200 ng/mL. Glycyrrhizin was in urine but not plasma Yamamura 1992 |
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17 chronic hepatitis B patients appeared to benefit from 4-weeks of glycyrrhizin followed by 4-weeks of interferon Hayashi 1991 |
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Children with hepatitis B treated with combination of Transfer Factor and high dose Stronger Neo-Minophagen C Sumiyama 1991 |
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Acyclovir is more effective than glycyrrhizin for herpes zoster Aikawa 1990 |
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The effect of glycyrrhetinic acid on gingival inflammation with an elevated bacterial plaque index [Article in French]
Mattout 1989 |
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HIV/hemophiliacs treatment with Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (SNMC) [Article in Japanese]
Mori 1989 |
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Polycystic ovary syndrome treated with Shakuyaku-Kanzo-To to lower plasma testosterone (90%) to induce pregnancy (25%) for 20 infertile women Takahashi 1988 |
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Intrajejunal administration of licorice extract (200, 400 & 800 mg/30 min) increases plasma secretin concentration and pancreatic bicarbonate without influence on pancreatic secretion of protein or amylase in 7 humans Shiratori 1986 |
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Herpes healing time and pain associated with these lesions were reduced by carbenoxolone (GA derivative) Partridge 1984 |
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High plasma renin activity in 6 hypotensive patients was lowered by 300 - 1200 mg/d calcium glycyrrhetinyl-glycinate for 3 - 9 weeks and blood pressure was raised Imagawa 1982 |
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Testosterone of 8 infertile hyperandrogenic women (50-160 ng/dl) was lowered to less than 50 ng/dl in 7 patients by Shakuyaku-Kanzo-To (Paeony and Glycyrrhiza) at 5-10 g/d for 2-8 weeks, resulting in ovulation in 6 [Article in Japanese]
Yaginuma 1982 |
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Healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers during treatment with licorice extracts [Article in Polish]
Adamska-Dyniewska 1975 |
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Endoscopic examination in 32 cases of chronic duodenal ulceration treated with deglycyrrhizinized liquorice tablets showed that healing of the ulceration had occurred Larkworthy 1975 |
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Liquorice preparations in the treatment of peptic ulcer (author's transl) [Article in Czech]
Ronsky 1975 |
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Carbenoxolone sodium and deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in gastric ulcer Jones 1973 |
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Clinical effect of rhubarb and glycyrrhiza extract tablets on constipation [Article in Japanese]
Kadake 1973 |
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A liquorice preparation in peptic ulceration anon 1968 |
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The use of licorice juice in gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcer [Article in Italian]
Angeleri 1967 |
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Juice of de glycyrrhized licorice in the treatment of peptic ulcer [Article in Portuguese]
Ornellas 1967 |
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Adverse Effects & Toxicity |
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A woman with irregular heart rhythm and repeated episodes torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia and low serum potassium of 2.3 mmol L-1 who had ingested moderately large amounts of liquorice every day for 4 months Eriksson 1999 |
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Iatrogenic worsening of hypokalemia and neuromuscular paralysis associated with the use of glucose solutions for potassium replacement in a young woman with licorice intoxication and furosemide abuse.
Famularo 1999 |
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A patient with a history of anorexia nervosa developed licorice-induced hypokalemic myopathy Ishikawa 1999 |
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Contact allergy due to oil-soluble licorice extracts in cosmetic products.
Nishioka 1999 |
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A cautionary note regarding glycyrrhiza (licorice root)
Stolpman 1999 |
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Review of aldosterone excess and deficiency: Aldosteronism can be caused by deficiency of 11 B-hydroxylase or 11 B-HSD or 17 alpha-hydroxylase or Cushing's syndrome Torpy 1999 |
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Echocardiographic findings of the heart resembling dilated cardiomyopathy during hypokalemic myopathy due to licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism.
Hasegawa 1998 |
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A case of drug-induced liver injury by Chinese digestive medicine [Article in Japanese]
Nakai 1998 |
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A case of bronchial asthma attack 5 min. after Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (SNMC) i.v. Skin test for its components (glycyrrhizin, L-cystein, aminoacetic acid, and sodium sulfite) was positive for sodium sulfite and L-cystein [Article in Japanese]
Nakatsumi 1998 |
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Generalized edema [Article in German]
Peghini 1998 |
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Changes in the activity of some enzymes in the brain and parenchymatous dystrophy of the liver were found in rodents given 28 mg/kg ammonium glycyrrhizinate but no toxic effects at 7 mg/kg [Article in Russian]
Antov 1997 |
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An unusual case of hypokaliemic rhabdomyolysis associated with liquorice ingestion Barrella 1997 |
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Liquorice (to inhibit 11 beta DH) and then carbenoxolone (to inhibit both DH and reductase activities) along with cortisol to prednisolone ratio gives a measure of both activities in people Bayly 1997 |
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Inhibition of placental 11 beta-HSD with glycyrrhetinic acid allowed cortisol to gain direct access to fetal circulation Benediktsson 1997 |
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Total cortisol to cortisone ratio is affected more by glycyrrhetinic acid (doubling) than by carbenoxolone (<30% increase) but carbenoxolone is readily detected by urinary unconjugated cortisol/cortisone Best 1997 |
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Less adverse affects and lower bile levels of glycyrrhizin are found from aqueous licorice extract than pure glycyrrhizin Cantelli-Forti 1997 |
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A child with pseudohyperaldosteronism associated with prolonged liquorice ingestion and evidence of haemorrhagic gastritis not previously observed with liquorice intoxication [Article in Italian]
Cataldo 1997 |
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Pulmonary edema following a licorice binge.
Chamberlain 1997 |
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Pulmonary edema following a licorice binge.
Chamberlain 1997 |
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Hypertension with hypokalemia and high urine potassium should raise one's suspicion for mineralocorticoid excess: high renin (renovascular disease), low renin (primary hyperaldosteronism), adrenal enzyme defects, certain familial syndromes or licorice Cruz 1997 |
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Hypokalaemia and hypertension associated with use of liquorice flavoured chewing gum.
de Klerk 1997 |
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Pseudoaldosteronism [Article in Japanese]
Fujii 1997 |
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A case of pseudoaldosteronism induced by a mouth refresher containing licorice.
Kageyama 1997 |
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Type 1 of 11beta-HSD is in the brain; highest in cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex and pituitary and detectable in the hypothalamus. The predominant 11beta-reductase appears to reactivate inert corticoids thus potentiating neurotoxicity Seckl 1997 |
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11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess; a review White 1997 |
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Cortisol induced hypertension appears to be a consequence of increases in renal vascular resistance Whitworth 1997 |
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Cortisol induced hypertension appears to be a consequence of increases in renal vascular resistance Whitworth 1997 |
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Increases in potassium loss, water intake and appetite for salt were found after glycyrrhizic acid blocking of 11 beta-OHSD (EC 1.1.1.146) in rats. Results resembled effect of mineralocorticoid Cooney 1996 |
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Grapefruit juice and its flavonoids inhibit 11 B HSD in microsomes. Cortisone/cortisol ratio in the urine decreased in men drinking grapefruit juice Lee 1996 |
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A case of hypertension & hypokalaemic alkalosis after ingesting 200 g/d liquorice. Liquorice contains glycyrrhetic acid which inhibits 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the kidney leading to decreased transformation of cortisol into cortisone [Article in Dutch]
Seelen 1996 |
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Five daily licorice sticks (25 gr/day) for one month in a case of acute rhabdomyolysis associated to the typical disorders of mineralcorticoid excess, with severe hypokalemia, arterial hypertension and metabolic alkalosis [Article in Spanish]
Berlango Jimenez 1995 |
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MRI of leg muscles of 2 patients with glycyrrhizin-induced hypokalemic myopathy had high signal intensity in T2-weighted images. Biopsy showed myopathic changes, vacuolated fibers, dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrillar degeneration Hayashi 1995 |
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A case of severe hypertension and hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis associated with prolonged liquorice ingestion; due to glycyrrhetenic acid inhibition of peripheral metabolism of cortisol which competes with aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptors Heikens 1995 |
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3MGA (3 beta-D-(monoglucuronyl)18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid) was high in 10 patients with licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism, but not in 11 patients without pseudoaldosteronism. 3MGA potently inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Kato 1995 |
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100 g/d of liquorice (n = 30) increased systolic blood pressure by 6.5 mm Hg and decreased plasma potassium by 0.24 mmol/l Sigurjonsdottir 1995 |
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Licorice root, containing 108, 217, 380 or 814 mg of glycyrrhizin, to healthy people for 4 weeks resulted in lower kalaemia & plasma renin and increased body weight at the higher doses Bernardi 1994 |
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Life-threatening hypokalemia associated with excessive licorice ingestion Brayley 1994 |
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An elderly man with muscular weakness and acute renal failure associated with taking glycyrrhizin (280 mg/day) for 7 years. Other signs were serum potassium of 1.9 mEq/l and myoglobin of 46 microg/ml, high GOT, LDH, BUN, CPK, creatinine Saito 1994 |
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Use for ulcers over past half century revealed around 20% of patients developed facial and dependent edema, often accompanied by headache, shortness of breath, stiffness, and pain in the upper abdomen, indicative of mineralocorticoid effect Schambelan 1994 |
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Licorice syndrome of hypokalemia and hypertension is similar to a cortisol-dependent mineralocorticoid excess due to a congenital deficiency of the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; review of the literature Walker 1994 |
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A case of diffuse skin rash, high fever and jaundice immediately after a second injection of glutathion and Stronger Neo-minophagen C Ishii 1993 |
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Case of hypokalaemia and rhabdomyolysis without hypertension associated with chronic glycyrrhizinic acid at 1000-1500 mg per month for 11 months in a former alcoholic [Article in French]
Luchon 1993 |
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Angiotensin I-converting enzyme levels and renin-aldosterone axis recovery after cessation of chronic licorice ingestion.
Megia 1993 |
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Chewing gum and hypokalaemia Rosseel 1993 |
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3 cases of diffuse acute edema associated with licorice [Article in French]
Sailler 1993 |
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Review: glycyrrhizic acid is activated to glycyrrhetic acid which inhibits 11 B HSD, increasing cortisol levels which, in kidneys, binds aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptors. 100 mg affects some sensitive individuals while 400 mg affects most Stormer 1993 |
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A 15-year-old boy developed a hypertension encephalopathy after ingestion of 0.5 kg liquorice candy. He recovered completely in the course of 5 months van der Zwan 1993 |
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Licorice products--unquestionably healthy? Some notes on the toxicology of glycyrrhizic acid [Article in German]
Bielenberg 1992 |
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A case of rhabdomyolysis and absence of myoadenylate deaminase associated with chronic licorice use Caradonna 1992 |
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A case of acute renal failure following hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis due to chronic glycyrrhizic acid Chubachi 1992 |
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Glycyrrhizic acid into a lateral ventricle of the brain produces hypertension and is blocked by RU 28318 a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist Gomez-Sanchez 1992 |
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Electromyography of two patients with hypokalemic myopathy from glycyrrhizin, 270 mg/day for 2 and 8 months shows myotonic and repetitive discharges when serum chloride level fell below 90 mEq/l Hayashi 1992 |
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A case of pseudoaldosteronism from glycyrrhizin taken for a year for chronic hepatitis; blood pressure was 230/105 mmHg; serum potassium, 2.4 mEq/l; plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma renin activity undetectable; returned to normal after 4 weeks Kageyama 1992 |
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A case with giant negative U waves in a patient with uncontrolled hypertension and severe hypokalemia Kanemoto 1992 |
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Pseudohyperaldosteronism by chronic overdose of "Pulmoll" expectorant lozenges [Article in French]
Levesque 1992 |
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Hypokalemic paralyses: a review of the etiologies, pathophysiology, presentation, and therapy Stedwell 1992 |
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A case of drug-induced allergic hepatitis by glycyrrhizin [Article in Japanese]
Sugiyama 1992 |
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Two cases of arrhythmias and hypokalemia from large amounts of licorice [Article in German]
Bocker 1991 |
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Licorice-induced hypermineralocorticoidism.
Farese 1991 |
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546 mg/day of glycyrrhizin for 4 weeks by 12 hepatitis patients led to hypokalemia and hypertension in 5, whose basal plasma renin activity (PRA) of over 1.5 ng/m/h, but no change in 7, whose PRA was below 1.5 ng/m/h Kageyama 1991 |
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Licorice, tobacco chewing, and hypertension.
anon 1990 |
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A case from practice (169). Liquorice-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism in a previously alcoholic woman caused by the drinking of an alcohol-free Pastis substitute beverage [Article in German]
Ferrari 1990 |
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A case from practice (171). Pseudohyperaldosteronism in licorice abuse [Article in German]
Ghielmini 1990 |
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A case of pseudo-hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemia from prolonged daily ingestion of liquorice [Article in Italian]
Lorenzin 1990 |
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Glycyrrhetinic acid (500 mg/day), orally for a week exerted pronounced mineralocorticoid activity in 10 people; with increased urinary excretion of cortisol, unchanged plasma cortisol, decreased plasma cortisone and urinary free cortisone MacKenzie 1990 |
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Four cases of pseudohyperaldosteronism, with hypertension, hypokalemia and suppression of plasma renin activity and aldosterone from chronic ingestion of liquorice-containing laxatives Scali 1990 |
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|
Carbenoxolone, a liquorice derivative, decreased K+ and increased Na+ with suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in 6 people; associated with inhibition of 11 beta-dehydrogenase causing cortisol to act as a mineralocorticoid Stewart 1990 |
|
|
A case of hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis following ingestion of a modest amount of liquorice during Ramadan Achar 1989 |
|
|
Carbenoxolone and hypokalaemic hypertension: case report.
Celi 1988 |
|
|
Although aldosterone effects of carbenoxolone were attributed to the oxygen in position 11 of glycyrrhetinic acid, the absence of an oxygen there in oleanoic acid succinate did not end the adverse circulatory effect Filczewski 1988 |
|
|
A case of rhabdomyolysis secondary to hypopotassaemia caused by excess liquorice compared with similar symptoms from use of fluoroprednisolone acetate and from a kidney tubular condition [Article in Italian]
Maresca 1988 |
|
|
Review finds that glycyrrhetinic acid pseudoaldosteronism results in symptoms linked with water and salt retention: (edema, hypertension, cardiac involvement) potassium depletion: (asthenia, myopathy with myoglobinuria) [Article in Italian] Colloredo 1987 |
|
|
Three cases of pseudoaldosteronism due to methanol extracts of licorice (FM-100) [Article in Japanese]
Fujimori 1987 |
|
|
A case of hypertension and retinopathy associated with glycyrrhiza [Article in French]
Garnier-Fabre 1987 |
|
|
Carbenoxolone and hypokalaemia.
Metcalfe 1987 |
|
|
Sodium retention and inhibition of 11 beta-OHSD in 7 people taking licorice is like a congenital deficiency of this enzyme which produces a syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess Stewart 1987 |
|
|
Pseudohyperaldosteronism caused by the abuse of licorice [Article in Italian]
Carretta 1986 |
|
|
Collateral effects of anti-ulcer therapy with carbenoxolone. General considerations. A clinical case [Article in Italian]
Frabetti 1986 |
|
|
Toxicological studies on biological effects of the herbal drug extracts in rats and mice. II. Moutan bark, Glycyrrhiza and Bupleurum root [Article in Japanese]
Tanaka 1986 |
|
|
2 cases of pseudoaldosteronism had serum glycyrrhetic acid (GA) of 70-80 ng/ml; while glycosides was very low. 133 mg glycyrrhizin caused serum peak of GA at 24 hr (detectable after 96 hr) and of glycyrrhetic glycosides at 4 h (gone at 72 h) Terasawa 1986 |
|
|
A case of moderate hypertension, low plasma potassium and renin and aldosterone, and increased sodium, norepinephrine and blood volume after 9 years of licorice ingestion Beretta-Piccoli 1985 |
|
|
Cerebral vascular accident caused by alcohol-free licorice [Article in French]
Bramont 1985 |
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|
Proximal tubulopathy in licorice poisoning [Article in French]
Delcroix 1985 |
|
|
Muscular lesions may occur in primary aldosteronism and pseudoaldosteronism when the serum K level is decreased to below 2.0 mEq/l Ishikawa 1985 |
|
|
Myotonic discharges in a case of licorice-induced hypokalemic myopathy [Article in Japanese]
Mori 1985 |
|
|
A case of hypokalaemia and rhabdomyolysis without myoglobinuria following the ingestion of liquorice. The patient was treated with L. Carnitine chloride and KCl [Article in Italian]
Ruggeri 1985 |
|
|
A case of aldosterone-like hypokalemic myopathy with systolic hypertension due to chronic liquorice ingestion which quickly receded with potassium replacement therapy and discontinuation of liquorice Cibelli 1984 |
|
|
A diabetic with hypokalemia and pseudoaldosteronism and low plasma renin activity who had regularly consumed a common aperitive containing small amounts of glycyrrhizin [Article in French]
de Rohan Chabot 1984 |
|
|
Severe hypokalaemia secondary to overindulgence in alcohol-free "pastis".
Haberer 1984 |
|
|
Deoxycorticosterone speeded recovery from glycyrrhizinic acid in rats but persistence of hypertension after discontinuation might be caused by a long-standing effect of it on renal mineralocorticoid receptors Hayashi 1984 |
|
|
Paraparesis due to licorice-induced hypokalemia.
Joseph 1984 |
|
|
Licorice as a possible cause of arterial hypertension. Description of a clinical case [Article in Italian]
Mazza 1984 |
|
|
Life-threatening hypokalaemia caused by liquorice ingestion.
Nielsen 1984 |
|
|
A case of glycyrrhizin-induced pseudoaldosteronism with suppressed pituitary-adrenocortical axis[Article in Japanese]
Okazaki 1984 |
|
|
A case of asymptomatic PBC accompanied by glycyrrhizin-induced pseudoaldosteronism [Article in Japanese]
Ono 1984 |
|
|
Licorice induced hypokalemia.
Pelner 1984 |
|
|
A case of hypermineralocorticism and low serum potassium associated with an alcohol-free liquorice beverage containing around 350 mg/day of glycyrrhizinic acid for 2 weeks [Article in French]
Piette 1984 |
|
|
A case report of hypokalemic myopathy due to ingestion of large doses of "jintan" [Article in Japanese]
Sugimoto 1984 |
|
|
A case of acute myopathy with typical features of mineralocorticoid excess: serious hypokalemia, hypertension, metabolic alkalosis from two bags of tablets of pure licorice daily (20-40 g/day) for about two years Corsi 1983 |
|
|
A case of systemic high blood pressure, hypokalaemia, low plasma renin and aldosterone associated with licorice Cugini 1983 |
|
|
A case of muscle weakness, with myoglobinuria, severe hypokalemia and elevated serum muscle enzymes associated with 20 g/d of licorice for 5 months and recovery in 10 days [Article in Italian]
Gibertoni 1983 |
|
|
A case of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria due to hypokalemia from chronic licorice ingestion with diuretic treatment Heidemann 1983 |
|
|
Pseudohyperaldosteronism caused by ingestion of licorice [Article in Spanish]
Morell 1983 |
|
|
A case of muscle weakness, cramps, and a serum potassium level of 2.7 mEq/l associated with snuff containing glycyrrhizinic acid Valeriano 1983 |
|
|
A case of pseudoaldosteronism and hypokalemia due to addiction of Jintan (a mouth refresher popular among Japanese) equivalent to about 200 mg/d glycyrrhizic acid, for 10 years Kamei 1982 |
|
|
A case of pseudoaldosteronism induced by glycyrrhizin and study of all cases in Japan (author's transl) [Article in Japanese]
Shio 1982 |
|
|
Licorice induced myoglobinuria [Article in Japanese]
Yokoyama 1982 |
|
|
Conn pseudosyndrome caused by chronic liquorice indigestion [Article in Italian]
Cordioli 1981 |
|
|
4 cases of systo-diastolic hypertension with hypokalemia associated with licorice. Kalemia normalizatized in 6-15 days while blood pressure and renin resolved more slowly [Article in Italian]
Cuspidi 1981 |
|
|
Primary pseudohyperaldosteronism produced by chronic licorice consumption [Article in Spanish]
Gomez Fernandez 1981 |
|
|
Liquorice consumption and its influence on blood pressure in Danish school-children.
Ibsen 1981 |
|
|
A case of an anorexic patient with hypokalaemic myopathy associated with licorice Nightingale 1981 |
|
|
Licorice abuse, adrenal cortex insufficiency and amenorrhea [Article in Dutch]
Scheffer 1981 |
|
|
A case of hypokalaemia associated with severe myopathy following liquorice ingestion Sundaram 1981 |
|
|
Tobacco chewer's hypokalemia: licorice revisited.
Blachley 1980 |
|
|
Hypokalemic myopathy secondary to carbenoxolone ulcer therapy (case report) [Article in Italian]
Corsi 1980 |
|
|
A case of flaccid quadriplegia due to profound hypokalaemia associated with small amounts of liquorice in a laxative preparation Cumming 1980 |
|
|
A case of hypokaliemia with hyperkaliuria, low renin and aldosterone left ventricular hypertrophy associated with licorice [Article in Italian]
Pozzoli 1980 |
|
|
Licorice, snuff, and hypokalemia.
Synhaivsky 1980 |
|
|
Several studies have shown the benefit of carbenoxolone for ulcers but use is limited by the high frequency of side effects Abrahamsson 1979 |
|
|
Edema of unknown origin--edema induced by liquorice [Article in Danish]
Hamann 1979 |
|
|
Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal insufficiency. Role of potassium depletion induced by a liquorice overdose [Article in French]
Mourad 1979 |
|
|
Case of contact dermatitis caused by licorice [Article in Russian]
Nugmanova 1979 |
|
|
Two cases of hypertension and hypokalemia from 273 - 546 mg/d glycyrrhizin for 1.5 and 6 months which took over a month to resolve after discontinuation Takeda 1979 |
|
|
Licorice poisoning [Article in Danish]
Tonnesen 1979 |
|
|
Hyperprolactinaemia and liquorice.
Werner 1979 |
|
|
Severe hypokalemia by a drug flavored with liquorice [Article in French]
Aumaitre 1978 |
|
|
Urine cortisol excretion more than doubled (33 to 83 microgm) in 10 of 13 people taking 100 or 200 g licorice for 1-4 weeks. Levels typical of Cushing's syndrome were seen in 7 subjects and remained high for a week after licorice stopped Epstein 1978 |
|
|
Liquorice and hypertension [Article in German]
Sturm 1978 |
|
|
Rhabdomyolysis appears with a great clinical polymorphism, with localised muscle damage, hyperkaliema or acute renal insufficiency. It is caused by many toxic substances, including sedatives, carbonic oxyde, ethanol [Article in French]
Wattel 1978 |
|
|
Cardiac arrest due to liquoriceinduced hypokalaemia.
Bannister 1977 |
|
|
Liquorice toxicity and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in man.
Epstein 1977 |
|
|
Plasma potassium concentrations fell by 0.3 mmol/l and plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone concentrations, were considerably depressed in 14 people eating confectionery liquorice 100 g or 200 g (0.7-1.4 g glycyrrhizinic acid) for 1-4 weeks Epstein 1977 |
|
|
Liquorice-induced cardiac arrect Montoliu 1977 |
|
|
Severe reduction of serum potassium induced by liquorice.
Cumming 1976 |
|
|
Pseudoaldosteronism induced by administration of a massive dose of glycyrrhizin [Article in Japanese]
Hanasaki 1976 |
|
|
Undesirable effects of Biogastrone in the treatment of peptic ulcer (author's transl) [Article in Czech]
Zelenkova 1976 |
|
|
Liquorice syndrome [Article in Finnish]
Elomaa 1975 |
|
|
Licorice intoxication.
Hollifield 1975 |
|
|
Hypersensitivity to glycyrrhizin. A case report.
Kuriyama 1975 |
|
|
Glycyrrhizine poisoning (apropos of 3 cases) [Article in French]
Warembourg 1975 |
|
|
A case of hypertension, hypokalemia & pseudoaldosteronism associated with licorice Wash 1975 |
|
|
Letter: Complications of carbenoxolone therapy.
anon 1974 |
|
|
Mineralocorticoid effect of glycyrrhetinic acid in normal subjects.
Sparano 1974 |
|
|
A case of licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism (author's transl) [Article in Japanese]
Sugita 1974 |
|
|
Glycyrrhizophilia Baron 1973 |
|
|
Glycyrrhizophilia Bolt 1973 |
|
|
Severe hypokalemia as a consequence of prolonged intake of liquorice[Article in Swedish]
Olander 1973 |
|
|
Hypokalaemic paralysis due to carbenoxolone.
Rankin 1973 |
|
|
The inactivation by carbenoxolone of individual human pepsinogens and pepsins.
Roberts 1973 |
|
|
Haemodynamic changes during reversible hypertension due to liquorice ingestion.
Zaal 1973 |
|
|
Quadriplegia, severe hypokalemic alkalosis, tetany, arterial hypertension in relation to excessive licorice extract consumption in a chronic alcoholic[Article in French]
Bel 1972 |
|
|
Carbenoxolone as a possible cause of liver damage [Article in German]
Laubenthal 1972 |
|
|
Hypokalaemic myopathy and myoglobinuria due to carbenoxolone sodium.
Barnes 1971 |
|
|
Arterial hypertension and glycirrhizine (antesite) [Article in French]
Durand 1971 |
|
|
Hypertension in connection with consumption of liquorice [Article in Danish]
Olsen 1971 |
|
|
Cardiac abnormalities due to licorice intoxication.
Robinson 1971 |
|
|
Licorice poisoning, pseudoaldosteronism, and heart failure.
Chamberlain 1970 |
|
|
Pseudohyperaldosteronism induced by habitual ingestion of liquorice.
Holmes 1970 |
|
|
Plasma 11-hydroxycorticoid levels after carbenoxolone sodium.
Mattingly 1970 |
|
|
Hypokalemia, myopathy with myoglobinuria after prolonged ingestion of licorice [Article in Danish]
Nielsen 1970 |
|
|
Hypokalemia, muscle weakness, and myoglobinuria due to licorice ingestion.
Tourtellotte 1970 |
|
|
Muscle paresis and hypokalemia after treatment with duogastrone.
Forshaw 1969 |
|
|
Myopathy and hypokalaemia in carbenoxolone therapy.
Fyfe 1969 |
|
|
Quadriplegia with hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis secondary to ingestion of licorice extract [Article in French]
Gautier 1969 |
|
|
Abusive consumption of licorice and severe arterial hypertension (apropos of a case) [Article in French]
Heuillet 1969 |
|
|
Licorice, useful but dangerous [Article in Norwegian]
Mauritzen 1969 |
|
|
Transient hypertensive encephalopathy: possible relation to licorice.
McNicholl 1969 |
|
|
Hypokalaemia complicating carbenoxolone (duogastrone) therapy.
Muir 1969 |
|
|
Licorice and hypertension.
Pelner 1969 |
|
|
A case of glycyrrhizin poisoning in a hypertensive patent [Article in French]
Plauchu 1969 |
|
|
Hypokalemia after treatment with duogastrone (carbenoxolone). Swallow 1969 |
|
|
Licorice-induced pseudoaldosteronism. Hypertension, hypokalemia, aldosteronopenia, and suppressed plasma renin activity.
Conn 1968 |
|
|
Hypertension due to glycyrrhiza poisoning. Forms and frequency [Article in French]
Froment 1968 |
|
|
Glycyrrhizin and apparently essential arterial hypertension (5 cases) [Article in French]
Froment 1968 |
|
|
Reversible severe hypertension due to licorice ingestion.
Koster 1968 |
|
|
Licorice and hypertension.
Lefebvre 1968 |
|
|
Cardiovascular effects of the consumption of weak doses of glycyrrhizin. Preliminary results obtained during an epidemiologic survey [Article in French]
Milon 1968 |
|
|
Licorice poisoning with hyperaldosteronuria [Article in French]
Tourniaire 1968 |
|
|
Potassium depletion and myoglobinuria caused by the use of licorice [Article in Dutch]
Geerling 1966 |
|
|
Hypokalemic myopathy with myoglobinuria associated with licorice ingestion Gross 1966 |
|
|
An inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizin on metabolic actions of cortisone. Kumagai 1966 |
|
|
Hypokalaemia, flaccid quadruparesis, and myoglobinuria with carbenoxolone (biogastrone).
Mohamed 1966 |
|
|
Paralysis with hypokalemia following prolonged ingestion of licorice extract [Article in French]
Arne1965 |
|
|
Mineral-corticoid activity of licorice [Article in Danish]
Kjeldsen 1965 |
|
|
Pseudo-Conn syndrome [Article in German]
Siegenthaler 1965 |
|
|
Adverse events reports at the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
[FDA] |
|
|
Hypokalemia explained at eMedicine |
|
|
Plant poisoning with licorice, at eMedicine |
|
|
Absorption promotion of nasal parathyroid hormone emulsion by glycyrrhizic acid; US Patent 5,407,911 |
|
|
Interactions |
|
|
Habu snake venom protein, gp55, induced hemolysis of sheep red blood cells is inhibited by glycyrrhizin Abe 1998 |
|
|
Contact hypersensitivity suppression by cortisol is augmented by inhibitors of 11beta-HSD (EC 1.1.1.146) such as glycyrrhetinic Acid in mice Hennebold 1998 |
|
|
Boswellic labeling of 5-lipoxygenase requires calcium and is abolished by heat or pentacyclic triterpenes (amyrin, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid). In contrast, 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid and competitive 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors don't prevent labeling Sailer 1998 |
|
|
Acetylcholine and cyclopiazonic acid induced relaxation of artery cells was attenuated 20% by the gap junction inhibitor 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (100 microM) Taylor 1998 |
|
|
Ibuprofen causes release of serum albumin-bound glycyrrhetic acid (37-1000 ng/ml) Itoh 1996 |
|
|
11 beta HSD-2 was most potently inhibited by 11 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone (IC50=0.9 nM) followed by progesterone (6 nM), 11 beta OH-progesterone (10 nM), glycyrrhetinic acid (15 nM), 5 alpha-pregnandione (100 nM) and 5 beta-pregnandione (500 nM) Morita 1996 |
|
|
In decoctions with various ratios of Aconitum and Zingiber and Glycyrrhiza the aconitine level decreases with increased Glycyrrhiza as measured by TLC [Article in Chinese]
Pei 1996 |
|
|
Dibromosulfophthalein slows glycyrrhizin metabolism and raises plasma levels in rats Shimamura 1996 |
|
|
Sho-saiko-To, Saiboku-To, and Sairei-To, containing the same amount of glycyrrhizin, had different effects on prednisolone in people, indicating other ingredients have a role Homma 1995 |
|
|
Toxicity of the anticancer cisplatin was reduced by preadministration of Zn Glycyrrhizate at 400 mg/kg/d x 5 and metallothionein level in the liver and kidney was found to be raised in mice [Article in Chinese]
Xu 1993 |
|
|
11 beta-OHSD is inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid > gossypol >> morin > quercetin >> rutin Song 1992 |
|
|
Amphotericin B dissolution rate and bioavailability was greater when combined with glycyrrhizinate; likely due to improved surface wettability Tanaka 1992 |
|
|
Phorbol stimulated lymphocyte response was greater with glycyrrhizin Zhang 1992 |
|
|
Plasma prednisolone was increased by pretreatment with 50 mg of oral GL four times in 6 humans Chen 1991 |
|
|
RU28318, a mineralocorticoid antagonist, inhibits hypertension induced by aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone or licorice. Intracerebroventricular infusion of aldosterone increases resting blood pressure Gomez Sanchez 1991 |
|
|
Cornea short circuit currents were abolished by ouabain or 1.4 mM Ca+2 and inhibited by heptanol, 18 alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, and dieldrin; consistent with the notion that corneal transepithelial fluxes include translocations through gap junctions Wolosin 1991 |
|
|
Iron absorption was promoted by anise > mint > caraway > cumin > tilia > liquorice, not affected by karkade and inhibited by tea, in rats el-Shobaki 1990 |
|
|
Potentiation of hydrocortisone activity in skin by glycerrhetinic acid.
Greaves 1990 |
|
|
Nasal absorption of insulin in rats was enhanced by the addition of glycyrrhetinate, glycyrrhizinate or carbenoxolone Mishima 1989 |
|
|
Glycyrrhizin and paeoniflorin exhibited similar binding behaviors to steroid receptors with moderate binding to glucocorticoid receptors, minimally to estrogen and androgen receptors but not to progesterone receptor Tamaya 1986 |
|
|
Acetylcholine induced potential amplitudes were inhibited 70% by paeoniflorin (25 micrograms/ml) plus glycyrrhizin (75 micrograms/ml), although neither alone inhibited Kimura 1985 |
|
|
Amiloride (a potassium-retaining diuretic), like the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone, reduces both the ulcer-healing and the metabolic side-effects of carbenoxolone and should not be used together with it in the treatment of peptic ulcer Reed 1980 |
|
|
The protective action of glycyrrhizin against saponin toxicity.
Segal 1977 |
|
|
"Promotion of Nasal Absorption of Insulin by Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives"--M. Mishima et al., J. Pharmacobio-Dyn., vol. 12, (1989), pp. 31-36
|
|
|
"Glycyrrhizin suppository with improved rectal absorption"--Derwent Publications Ltd., AN92-360693. Jan. 1992
|
|
|
Anesthetic skin absorption improved by glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetic acid, glycyrrhetic acid derivatives or oleanes; US Patent 5,622,942 |
|
|
Contraindications |
|
|
11 preeclamptic patients had lower 11 beta-HSD activities in their placentas than 17 normotensive women (0.19 vs. 0.26 mmoles/min). Cortisol in umbilical cord blood was higher in the preeclamptic group (15 vs. 6.7 g/dL) McCalla 1998 |
|
|
18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid transfers from maternal to fetal circulation without detectable metabolism Dodds 1997 |
|
|
Glycyrrhizin prolonged thrombin and fibrinogen clotting times, and inhibited thrombin-induced, but not collagen-, PAF- or convulxin-induced platelet aggregation Francischetti 1997 |
|
|
11 beta-HSD2 is selectively inhibited by 5 alpha- (but not by 5 beta-) reduced steroids. Human urine contains inhibitors of types 1 and 2 11 B HSD which are elevated in pregnancy Lo 1997 |
|
|
Review of 11B HSD in the brain finds that midgestation fetal brain highly expresses type 2 11beta-HSD Seckl 1997 |
|
|
A case of somnolence, flaccid paralysis of the extremities, arterial hypertension, oedema, severe hypokalemia and rabdomyolysis after ingesting 200 g/d licorice for 10 weeks plus a thiazide diuretic for two weeks [Article in Danish]
Folkersen 1996 |
|
|
18 beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid decreased glucagon-induced glucose release from hepatocytes, dose-dependently, whereas 18 alpha-GA did not Nose 1996 |
|
|
Why is strong licorice not healthy for children [Article in Danish]
Olsen 1996 |
|
|
Mid-gestational fetal tissues have type 2, and lack type 1, of 11 B HSD Stewart 1995 |
|
|
Plasma cortisol increases in pregnancy, but not in hypertensive pregnancy (preeclampsia). Endogenous inhibitors of 11 B HSD (glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors) were more active in urine Walker 1995 |
|
|
Review of 59 cases of licorice induced hypokalemic myopathy finds risk increased with combined use of hypotensive diuretic agents. Mean K+ of 2 mEq, creatine kinase of 5385 IU/L, aldosterone of 2.9 ng/dl, renin of 0.17 ng/ml/h Shintani 1992 |
|
|
Monoamine oxidase is inhibited by glicoricone, licofuranone, genistein, licopyranocoumarin, licocoumarone and glycyrrhisoflavone with IC50 = 60 - 140 microM Hatano 1991 |
|
|
Effects of licorice on urinary metabolites of cortisol and cortisone.
Pratesi 1991 |
|
|
Ammonium glycyrrhizinate in drinking water of pregnant rats, actual intake of 0, 21, 238 or 680 mg/kg, resulted in a slight significant increase in embryolethality and external haemorrhages and minor skeletal anomalies Mantovani 1988 |
|
|
Simultaneous determination of ephedrine and glycyrrhizin in human breast milk by high performance liquid chromatography [Article in Japanese]
Shimada 1984 |
|
|
Of 9 hepatitis patients treated with 40-200 mg/day glycyrrhizin i.v. 3 who were insulin dependent developed hypokalemia within 6 days while the others had no problems after 18-266 days Fujiwara 1983 |
|
|
Nitrofurantoin excretion was greater in patients receiving the drug with liquorice Datla 1981 |
|
|
Self-medication with liquorice in a patient with Addison's disease.
Cotterill 1973 |
|
|
Liquorice and Addison's disease.
Ross 1970 |
|
|
Contemporary Standardized Methods |
|
|
Extraction of polysaccharides containing uronic acids takes longer from Hungarian Glycyrrhiza glabra and G echinata than Chinese samples [Article in Hungarian]
Kiss 1998 |
|
|
Sweetness of glycyrrhizin (170 x) was enhanced by some 3-O-glycosides, notably the 3-O-beta-D-glucuronide (941 x) Mizutani 1994 |
|
|
RFLP & RAPD of DNA indicated that G. glabra and G. uralensis, rich in glycyrrhizin, are more closely related to each other than to G. echinata or to G. pallidiflora Yamazaki 1994 |
|
|
Monomethyl glycyrrhizinate can hydrolyze to glycyrrhizin causing HPLC analysis of products to indicate a higher than actual value [Article in Japanese]
Hayashi 1992 |
|
|
G. uralensis (China) contains licopyrano-coumarin, glycy-coumarin and/or lico-coumarone. G. glabra, (Russia and Afghanistan) contains glabridin and glabrene. G. inflata (Turkey) contains licochalcones A & B[Article in Japanese]
Hatano 1991 |
|
|
Quality control of Chinese licorice by HPLC of 12 compounds: glycyrrhizinic acid, uralsaponin A, uralsaponin B, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, glycycoumarin, isoglycycoumarin, licochalcone A, glycyrol and isoglycyrol [Article in Chinese]
Zeng 1991 |
|
|
Extraction by milling of the roots of licorice [Article in Russian]
Murav'ev 1975 |
|
|
Production of some preparations of licorice root and a study of their surface-active properties [Article in Russian]
Murav'ev 1974 |
|
|
Standardization method of deglycyrrhizinized liquorice on experimental gastric ulcers in rats.
Aarsen 1973 |
|
|
Use of bentonite for the purification of aqueous extracts of licorice [Article in Russian]
Klipunovskii 1969 |
|
|
Study of the process of purification of water extracts of licorice root by means of settling and heating [Article in Russian]
Klipunovskii 1969 |
|
|
Differences between the root and rhizome of Ural licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) and those of smooth licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) [Article in Russian]
Murav'ev 1966 |
|
|
"Reduction in Enamel Dissolution by Licorice and Glycyrrhizinic Acid"--Edgar et al., J. Dent Res. (1978) 57 (1): 59-64; Chem. Abstr. 89: 141063x (1978)
|
|
|
Reducing the sweetness by lactic acid fermentation of liquorice to make it more suitable for ulcer and liver treatment; US Patent 5,264,421 |
|
|
Processing licorice to a free-flowing powder by extruding in accordance with a predetermined temperature profile; US Patent 5,660,870 |
|
|
0.01-0.5 weight % ammonium glycyrrhizinate and other flavorants to improve taste of bitter medicine; US Patent 5,962,461 |
|
|
Contemporary Formulas |
|
|
Liquorice coating on aspirin reduced the number and size of ulcers in rats Dehpour 1994 |
|
|
A study on the effects of additives in dentifrices in the prevention of periodontal diseases (author's transl) [Article in Japanese]
Kishi 1974 |
|
|
Edible isolated soy protein particles coated with ammoniated glycyrrhiza for flavor and flow; US Patent 4,233,324 |
|
|
Sweetening misture of aspartyl phenylalanine methyl ester with glycyrrhizin and sugars; US Patent 4,254,154 |
|
|
Oral composition of 1 part glycyrrhetinic acid, 10-100 parts lactose and/or sorbitol, 10-50 parts Na/K citrate or tartrate or malate, 0.1-10 parts disodium edetate; US Patent 4,406,882 |
|
|
Toothpaste composed of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, strontium disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate and sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate; US Patent 4,415,549 |
|
|
Diarrhea treatment with 400 mg% creosote, 200 mg% coptidis, 200 mg% glycyrrhizae, 150 mg% cyperi, 200 mg% auranti and 100 mg% glycerinum; US Patent 4,608,258 |
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Mitomycin C and doxorubicin anticancer treatment accompanied by Astragali, Cinnamomi, Rehmanniae, Paeoniae, Cnidii, Atractylodis, Angelicae, Ginseng, Hoelen and Glycyrrhizae; US Patent 4,613,591 |
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Reducing cancer symptoms with Astragali, Cinnamomi, Rehmanniae, Paeoniae, Cnidii, Atractylodis, Angelicae, Ginseng, Hoelen and Glycyrrhizae; US Patent 4,618,495 |
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Lotion of 0.1% - 5% of tocopherol acetate and about 0.05% - 0.3% of glycyrrhetinic acid; US Patent 4,923,893 |
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Eye drops containing lysozyme hydrochloride and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate; US Patent 4,961,927 |
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Anti-AIDS medicine of liquiritigenin, i-liquiritigenin, liquiritin, i-liquiritin and glycyrrhizin from Glycyrrhiza; US Patent 5,032,580 |
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Calcitonin absorption enhancing with glycyrrhizinate; US Patent 5,183,802 |
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Viruses, such as the cytomegalovirus CMV inactivation by glycyrrhizic triterpenoids can be augmented by detergents, glycerol or EDTA; US Patent 5,186,945 |
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Sweetening with leaves of Abrus precatorius, which contains Glycyrrhizin; US Patent 5,198,427 |
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Virus inactivated with glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizinic acid or glycyrrhetinic acid glycoside, and analogous triterpenes, e.g. carbenoxolone and cicloxolone and their derivatives; US Patent 5,204,324 |
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Antioxidant, antiinflammatory and/or antiallergic composition containing glycyrrhetic acid; US Patent 5,229,378 |
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Virus treatment with the aglycon 4-(substituted phenyl)piperazine-1-yl derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid and 11-deoxo-glycyrrhetinic acid or their derivative; US Patent 5,356,880 |
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Cutaneous and oral mucous membrane inflammations treatment with 18.beta.-glycyrrhetic acid, benezophenanthridine alkaloids and optionally a suitable metallic salt; US Patent 5,425,948 |
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Muscular dystrophy treatment by glycyrrhizin; US Patent 5,434,142 |
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Toothpaste containing glycyrrhizin; US Patent 5,496,541 |
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Hair growth reduction by applying to the skin a composition including an inhibitor of protein kinase C such as glycyrrhetic acid; US Patent 5,554,608 |
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Licorice as an additive in cosmetic skin whitening compositions; US Patent 5,609,875 |
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Prostate carcinoma treatment with Panax, Isatis, Ganoderma, Dendranthema, Glycyrrhiza, Scutellaria, Rabdosia and/or Serenoa; US Patent 5,665,393 |
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Antiinflammatory analgesic composed of talc, silkworm excrement, Stephania, Coix, Pinellia, Prunus, Phellodendron, Sophora, Tetrapanax, Stemona, Glycyrrhiza, Tripterygium, Forsythia and Siegesbeckia US Patent 5,908,628 |
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Blood circulation stimulating mix includes toxin excreting portion of Cassiope, Crocus, Lonicera, Rheum, Glycyrrhiza, Salvia, Cnidium, Momordica, Achyrathes or Astragalus; US Patent 5,942,233 |
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Chalcones, e.g. licochalcone A from Glycyrrhiza, in animal feed for prophylaxis against microorganisms or parasites; US Patent 5,985,935 |
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Folk Blends |
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Pancreatic secretion increase by Kikyo-to (roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and Glycyrrhiza) is attributed to platycodin D (a saponin) Arai 1997 |
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Urine after Saiboku-To treatment, a Chinese asthma remedy, had magnolol from Magnolia officinalis; medicarpin and liquiritigenin from Glycyrrhiza glabra; baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin A from Scutellaria baicalensis; and davidigenin of unknown origin Homma 1997 |
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Melanoma metastasis is inhibited by Keishi-ka-kei-to (Cinnamomi cortex, Paeoniae radix, Zizyphi fructus, Zingiberis rhizoma and Glycyrrhizae radix) in mice Suzuki 1997 |
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Sho-saiko-to (used in Japan by patients with chronic viral liver disease) induction of IL-10 attributed to Scutellaria and Glycyrrhiza. It also prevents rise of IL4 and IL5 Yamashiki 1997 |
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HPLC determination of gentiopicroside, mangiferin, palmatine, berberine, baicalin, wogonin and glycyrrhizin in the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Sann-Joong-Kuey-Jian-Tang Lin 1996 |
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Five HPLC marker components in oriental medicine, 'Heii-San' are hesperidin, 6-gingerol, honokiol, glycyrrhizin, magnolol [Article in Japanese]
Yamauchi 1996 |
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Radix Bupleuri; Ramulus Cinnamomi; Radix Glycyrrhizae and Radix Scutellariae could all be identified by HPLC as constituents of Chaihu Guizhi Ganjiang decoction [Article in Chinese]
Chen 1995 |
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Blood pressure wave Effect by Xiao-Jian-Zhong-Tang is similar to the linear combination of individual components, Paeony, Astragalus, Cinnamon, Glycyrrhiza and Jujube Wang 1995 |
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11 B HSD and prednisolone metabolism inhibition by components of Saiboku-To: Glycyrrhiza glabra > Perillae frutescens > Zizyphus vulgaris > Magnolia officinalis > Scutellaria baicalensis Homma 1994 |
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New platelet aggregation defect treated with Xiaoyu pian (Prunus, Carthamus, Glycyrrhiza, etc) had greater recovery than controls in a trial with 137 patients [Article in Chinese]
Shen 1994 |
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Chronic renal failure symptom scores was decreased from 12.5 to 5.6 in 36 patients by Baoyuan Dahuang Decoction (Panax ginseng, Astragalus membranaceus, Cassia cinnamomi, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Rheum palmatum) [Article in Chinese]
Sheng 1994 |
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TLC analysis of Baihe Gujin Tang (Scrophulariae, Platycodon, Paeoniae and Glycyrrhizae, etc) [Article in Chinese]
Jia 1992 |
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GI metaplasia and hyperplasia were reduced by 5-7g tid oral Xiao Wei Yan (Smilax glabrae, Hedyotis diffusae, Taraxacum mongolicum, Caesalpinia sappan, Paeonia alba, Cyperus rotundus, Bletilla striata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis etc) [Article in Chinese]
Liu 1992 |
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Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang (Ten Significant Tonic Decoction), or SQT (Juzentaihoto, TJ-48) composed of (Rehmannia, Paeonia, Liqusticum, Angelica, Glycyrrhiza, Poria, Atractylodes, Panax. Astragalus and Cinnamomum) tones blood and vital energy Zee-Cheng 1992 |
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Huangqin is more effective than its components for spasm and pain. Scutellariae root has the main role of heat clearing and is potentiated by Paeony root. Spasm and pain relief may result from the synergism of Paeony and Glycyrrhiza [Article in Chinese]
Huang 1991 |
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Analgesic and antispastic effect of Huangqin Tang (Paeonia, Scutellaria, Glycyrrhiza and Ziziphus) [Article in Chinese]
Huang 1990 |
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Valproate toxicity was reduced by Shosaiko-to-go-keishikashakuyaku-to (TJ-960; Paeoniae, Cinnamomi, Bupleuri, Zingiberis, Glycyrrhizae, Ginseng, Scutellariae, Pinelliae and Zizyphus) [Article in Japanese] Minematsu 1990 |
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Upper digestive tract hemorrhage treated with Wen-She (Codonopsis, Atractylodes, Poria, Glycyrrhiza, Zingiber, Os sepiae Halloysitum and Astragalus) [Article in Chinese]
Gong 1989 |
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Pharmacological studies on herb paeony root. I. Central effects of paeoniflorin and combined effects with licorice component Fm 100 [Article in Japanese]
Takagi 1969 |
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Pharmacodynamics |
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11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11B HSD) reversibly converts hydrocortisone to inactive cortisone by oxidizing the 11-hydroxy to 11-keto. Glycyrrhetinic acid increased the potency of hydrocortisone 33 fold in bronchial epithelial cells Feinstein 1999 |
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Indinavir precipitation is reduced by saponins such as escin and glycyrrhizic acid suggesting possible use to prevent urolithiasis Grases 1999 |
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Type 1 11 B HSD (EC 1.1.1.146) is mainly in liver and is bidirectional. Type 2 is mainly in kidney and is unidirectional with only dehydrogenase activity, protecting the mineralocorticoid receptor from being activated by cortisol [Article in Dutch]
Kerstens 1999 |
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Macrophage-mediated oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is inhibited by glabridin Rosenblat 1999 |
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Apoptosis of human hepatoblastoma cells is inhibited by glycyrrhizin when induced by TNF but not when induced by Fas Yoshikawa 1999 |
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18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid treated nerve cells were more sensitive to iron induced oxidation and cell death Blanc 1998 |
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Arecoline-induced cytotoxicity (Betel quid chewing) in human buccal fibroblasts is prevented by 200 micrograms/ml glycyrrhizin 600 micrograms/ml glutathione Chang 1998 |
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Helicobacter pylori inhibition dose dependently by glycyrrhizic acid is associated with inhibition of arylamine N-acetyltransferase Chung 1998 |
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Stimulation induced intercellular Ca2+ waves between chondrocytes and synovial cells were inhibited by 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid and by treatments inhibiting the activation of purinoreceptors. Full text available D'andrea 1998 |
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Vasopressin-induced glycogenolysis, decreasing glycogen in hepatocytes, is diminished 70% by gap junction blockers, octanol or 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid Eugenin 1998 |
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HIV-1 RT phosphorylation by rhCK-II is inhibited by a glycyrrhetinic acid derivative or quercetin a high dose (100 microM) of glycyrrhizin Harada 1998 |
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Licochalcone A-D and echinatin, retrochalcones from the Glycyrrhiza inflata roots, inhibit gram-positive bacteria and oxygen consumption; possibly acting between CoQ and cytochrome c in the bacterial respiratory electron transport chain Haraguchi 1998 |
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Epinephrine-induced [Ca2+] in the inner nonpigmented cell layer of the ocular ciliary epithelium was blocked by the the gap junction blockers octanol and 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid Hirata 1998 |
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Breast tumor binds glycyrrhizic acid more than normal breast tissue [Article in Russian]
Il'icheva 1998 |
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GM2296, a carbon-fucosylated derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, inhibits E-, L-, and P-selectin-dependent eosinophil and neutrophil adhesion (IC50 around 1 mM) making it a candidate as an anti-inflammatory Kim 1998 |
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Acetylcholine-evoked secretion of catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells was reduced by the panaxadiol saponins whereas saikosaponin-a, glycyrrhizin and digitoxin and digoxin lacked effect Kudo 1998 |
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Gap junction-mediated intercellular transfer of Lucifer yellow and biocytin were reduced by 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid without affecting differentiation of these cells Le 1998 |
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Sho-saiko-to decreased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and cdk6, arrested Mel-ret cells in G1 and induced apoptotic cell death with an increase of cell surface Fas antigen and Fas ligand Liu 1998 |
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Carbonyl reduction of NNK (the carcinogenic nitrosamine in tobacco) by 11 beta HSD is inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid, with Ki = 10.9 microM Maser 1998 |
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Circadian rhythm: lowest body temperature was at 1700 and the highest at 0500 in mice given Cinnamon or Licorice (129 mg/kg, i.p.). Mortality was greatest at 1700 and lowest at 0500 from toxic dose (850 mg/kg, 2500 mg/kg i.p. respectively) Ohdo 1998 |
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UV-induced cell damage and inhibition of prostaglandin E2 release in Swiss 3T3 cells was found with dexamethasone, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, Rehmanniae and allantoin [Article in Japanese]
Sakuma 1998 |
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Diffusion of dye to adjacent cells, via gap junctions in corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, was blocked by 2 microM 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid Spanakis 1998 |
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Endothelin-1 induced calcium response in astrocytes is reduced by heptanol and octanol (gap junction inhibitors) but not by 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid Venance 1998 |
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Electrical communication between smooth muscle and endothelial cells blocked by 18beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid at 40 microM, while neither heptanol nor octanol did so at 1 mM Yamamoto 1998 |
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Of 150 medicinal herbs licorice was among the 6 best binders to estradiol receptors in human breast cancer cells Zava 1998 |
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Crude kudzu saponin at 90 mcg/ml or soyasaponin I or kudzusaponin SA3 inhibited antiserum induced elevation of ALT in hepatocytes; better than glycyrrhizin Arao 1997 |
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Ammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid as an antiviral.
Badam 1997 |
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11 B HSD inhibition by glycyrrhetinic acid and 17 diuretics. Testicular 11 beta-HSD accepted 11 beta-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione as substrate while kidney enzyme didn't. Bicikova 1997 |
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11B-OH-Progesterone inhibits vascular 11beta-HSD dehydrogenase (corticosterone-->11-dehydrocorticosterone) more than licorice whereas 11-keto-P blocks the reverse oxidoreductase reaction Brem 1997 |
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Bacterial 3 alpha, 20 beta-HSD is inhibited by glycyrrhizic acid and its metabolite carbenoxolone. Only 5 residues are conserved in all 50 members of the steroid dehydrogenase family, including YXXXK. There are crystal structures of five members Duax 1997 |
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Antiproliferative benefit of glucocorticosteroids on breast cancer cell cultures is enhanced by retarding their metabolism by 11 beta-HSD by glycyrrhetinic acid. Full text available Hundertmark 1997 |
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Classical complement pathway is inhibited by beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (IC50 = 35 microM), whereas no inhibition was seen towards the alternative pathway. The alpha-form was not active Kroes 1997 |
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Hepatoprotective effect of Ban-zhi-lian (Scutellaria rivularis) extracts, compared with Glycyrrhizin and Silymarin Lin 1997 |
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Klebsiella pneumoniae arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) is inhibited by glycyrrhizic acid both in cytosol and intact bacteria Lo 1997 |
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Connexin 26 gene suppresses HeLa cell growth while making neighboring cells susceptible to ganciclovir. Gap junction inhibition by 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid prevents the neighbor effect Mesnil 1997 |
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Permeation through skin by ginsenoside-Re, baicalein, glycyrrhizin, wogonin, honokiol, magnolol, bergapten, shikonin, and sinomenine Sekiya 1997 |
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Review of the properties, chemical transformations, and biological activity of glycyrrhizic acid and its derivatives [Article in Russian]
Tolstikov 1997 |
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IL-10, which is low in hepatitis patients, is increased by Sho-saiko-to, mainly attributable to the scutellaria and glycyrrhiza components. Sho-saiko-to also suppresses conA-induced increases of IL-4 and IL-5 Yamashiki 1997 |
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The cytotoxic activity of T cells to antigen-presenting cells and the TNFa-induced cytotoxicity were inhibited by glycyrrhizin. This may the mechanism of decreased transaminase in glycyrrhizin treated hepatitis patients Yoshikawa 1997 |
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Complexes between plasmid DNA and liposomes containing Ca ions and glycyrrhizic acid or &-tocopherol caused successful transfection of functional genes into L929 cells [Article in Russian]
Zhdanov 1997 |
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HeLa cells (lacking gap-junctional intercellular communication) transfected with connexin 43 gene have a lower rate of chemical induced mutation Zhu 1997 |
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Gap-junction plaques (connexin 43) in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells are disassembled by 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid dose (5-40 microM) and time dependently (1-4 h treatment), possibly by dephosphorylation of connexin Guan 1996 |
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Capsaicin-induced ear edema in mice was reduced by some oleane steroids but not glycyrrhetinic acid nor deoxoglycyrrhetol Inoue 1996 |
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Carrageenin and acetic acid induced inflammation was inhibited more by disodium glycyrrhetinic acid hemiphthalate than by acetylsalicylic acid Khaksa 1996 |
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Histamine synthesis by cultured mast cells is inhibited by 18-O-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, which at 50 microM inhibited 80% of histidine decarboxylase activity Lee 1996 |
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Absorption (partition coefficient) of glycyrrhizin decreased with higher pH, and increased in the presence of other active constituents of Sho-Saiko-To such as baicalin, baicalein, and ephedrine [Article in Japanese]
Miyamura 1996 |
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Prostaglandin E2, PGF2 alpha, and 6-ketoPGF1 alpha secretion by human uterine cells were decreased by Shakuyaku-kanzo-to (Paeony and Glycyrrhiza) or glycyrrhetinic acid but not by Paeony [Article in Japanese]
Shibata 1996 |
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Nitric oxide from IFN-gamma activated-macrophages or RAW cells was increased by glycyrrhizin while no increase was seed from resting macrophages Yi 1996 |
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IFN-alpha and glycyrrhizin were synergistic in their antiviral actions against hepatitis A virus in human hepatoma cells Crance 1995 |
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Multidrug-resistant P388 leukemia cells were made more sensitive to cancer drugs by saponins from Panax & Glycyrrhiza, especially quasipanaxatriol 20(S)-protopanaxatriol, ginsenoside Rh2, and compound K Hasegawa 1995 |
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Isoliquiritin (flavonoid) inhibited carmine content of granuloma tissue 50-fold greater than licorice extract and much more than glycyrrhizin. Anti-angiogenic potencies were isoliquiritigenin > isoliquiritin > liquiritigenin >> isoliquiritin-apioside Kobayashi 1995 |
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Ovarian 11 beta-HSD activity is associated with failure to conceive by vitro fertilization-embryo transfer Michael 1995 |
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TPA induced mutation in CHO cells to resist methotrexate is decreased by glycyrrhetinic acid, staurosporine, H-7 or calphostin C Noe 1995 |
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Anti-ulcer benefit of licorice is due to raising the local concentration of prostaglandins by inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (inactivates prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha) and delta 13-prostaglandin reductase Baker 1994 |
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Leishmaniasis protozoa inhibition by a chalcone from licorice (found by bioassay guided fractionation), (E)-1-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl]-3-[4- hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl]phenyl-2-propen-1-one Christensen 1994 |
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Nitric oxide production by macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide, was enhanced by glycyrrhizin Kondo 1994 |
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Cytomegalovirus antigen expression of HCMV in human monocytic cell line U-937 and human embryonic lung cell line MRC-5 were inhibited by glycyrrhizin Numazaki 1994 |
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3'- and 4'-methyl-3-hydroxychalcone (derivatives of licochalcone from licorice) inhibited TPA induced tumors Shibata 1994 |
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Sialylation and secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen with PLC/PRF/5 cells was decreased by glycyrrhizin Takahara 1994 |
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Enhanced ultrasonography with new contrast medium: glycyrrhizin [Article in Japanese]
Tokuyama 1994 |
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Liver cancer cell proliferation was inhibited by sho-saiko-to more than its components, saikosaponin, ginsenoside, glycyrrhizin, baicalin, baicalein and wogonin, by arresting at G0/G1 and inducing apoptosis Yano 1994 |
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Leishmania protozoa is inhibited by licochalcone A (IC50=4 microgm/ml) Chen 1993 |
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Burn-associated suppressor T cell activity was demonstrated in splenic mononuclear cells which might have value for septic infections Kobayashi 1993 |
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PAF production by human neutrophils was inhibited dose-dependently by Saibokuto (Bupleuri, Glycyrrhizae, Scutellariae) Nakamura 1993 |
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Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons contain 11 beta-OHSD mRNA and secrete corticotrophin-releasing factor-41 into hypophysial portal blood. Glycyrrhetinic acid decreased CRF-41 release into hypophysial portal blood Seckl 1993 |
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Of 15 methyl glycyrrhetate glycosides, monoglycosides with CH2OH-6 or Me-6 in their sugar and diglycosides with (1-->4) were more haemolytic. Beta-maltoside & B-lactoside are antifungal to Trichophyton but not antibiotic to Staphylococcus or Bacillus Takechi 1993 |
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3 alpha-HSD was potently (IC50 = 7 microM) and non-competitively inhibited by glycyrrhetic acid (GA, aglycone of glycyrrhizin); weaker than indomethacin and stronger than dexamethasone; 3-epi-glycyrrhetic acid is less potent (IC50 = 58 microM) Akao 1992 |
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11 B HSD was inhibited by GA, 3-deoxyGA, 3-ketoGA, 3-epiGA and 11-deoxoGA, IC50 = 200-400 nM. 18 alpha-stereoisomers of GA, 3-deoxyGA and 11-deoxoGA were one tenth less inhibitory (IC50 = 3000-7000 nM) although active on 3 alpha-HSD Akao 1992 |
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Hepatic MNC and the proportion of intermediate TCR cells were increased by glycyrrhizin, indicating it causes selective activation of extrathymic T cells in the liver Kimura 1992 |
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Cholesterol conversion into bile acids is increased by glycyrrhizinic acid (up to 100 micrograms/ml) without affecting [2-14C] acetate incorporation into cholesterol in rabbit hepatocytes [Article in Russian]
Novikov 1992 |
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HIV-1 reproduction in MT-4 cells is inhibited by Beta-glycyrrhizic acid. The antiviral effect of beta-GA exceeded that of AZT in cells containing provirus [Article in Russian]
Pliasunova 1992 |
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Platelet aggregation inhibition by isoliquiritigenin is comparable to aspirin. Isoliquiritigenin inhibits protein phosphorylation and formation of 12 (S)-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and thromboxane B2 Tawata 1992 |
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Glycyrrhizae polysaccharide fraction was the most potent component of Juzen-Taiho-To at complement-activating and mitogenic activity Yamada 1992 |
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Neutrophil-generated O2-, H2O2 and OH are decreased by glycyrrhizin dose-dependently, in vitro Akamatsu 1991 |
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Liquorice as a regulator of steroid and prostaglandin metabolism.
Baker 1991 |
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Licorice, computer-based analyses of dehydrogenase sequences, and the regulation of steroid and prostaglandin action.
Baker 1991 |
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Liquorice and blood pressure.
Brandon 1991 |
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Glycyrrhetinic acid at 20-100 microM increased cytoplasmic [Ca2+]i and inhibited calcium increases induced by an antigen (mast cells), ATP, phenylephrine (hepatocytes) and thrombin (fibroblasts & endothelial cells) Hayashi 1991 |
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Mast cell degranulation is suppressed by 5 mg/ml Ryo-kan-kyomi-sin-ge-nin-to, an asthma folk treatment Shibata 1991 |
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Testosterone is decreased by Shakuyaku-Kanzo-To or its components, paeoniflorin, glycyrrhetic acid and glycyrrhizin, without changing delta 4-androstenedione and estradiol Takeuchi 1991 |
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11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and enzyme-mediated receptor protection: life after liquorice?
Walker 1991 |
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Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide increases macrophage phagocytosis and IL-1 secretion, enhances NK and ADCC activities, behaves as a mitogen of B lymphocytes, inhibits the multiplication of several viruses, and induces release of IFN from spleen cells Yang 1990 |
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Mineralocorticoid receptor affinity for aldosterone is 3000 fold greater than for glycyrrhetinic acid Armanini 1989 |
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Xanthine oxidase is inhibited by licochalcone B, glycyrrhisoflavone and licochalcone A with IC50 = 1.3 - 5.6 x 10(-5) M Hatano 1989 |
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Skin permeation of idoxuridine is increased by glycyrrhizin gel Touitou 1988 |
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Varicella-zoster virus is inhibited by glycyrrhizin Baba 1987 |
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Mutagenicity of several compounds (indole, benzo[a]pyrene, nitrosamine, etc) was inhibited in Ames' test by glycyrrhizin Tanaka 1987 |
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Isolation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors from Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots and the structure-activity relationship.
Tanaka 1987 |
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Effect of glycyrrhiza on liver microsomal enzymes in mouse liver homogenates [Article in Chinese]
Tan 1986 |
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Prospects of using licorice root preparations in dermatology [Article in Russian]
Chebotarev 1985 |
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Hepatocyte damage by antibodies or lipopolysaccharide was reduced by pretreatment with glycyrrhizin Mizoguchi 1985 |
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In the presence of sucrose, glycyrrhizin did not affect Streptococcus bacterial growth, but the adherence (plaque formation) was nearly completely inhibited by 0.5-1% glycyrrhizin Segal 1985 |
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Affinity of glycyrrhizic acid for mineralocorticoid receptors is 4 orders of magnitude lower than aldosterone and for glucocorticoid receptors 5 orders of magnitude lower than dexamethasone Armanini 1983 |
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Hippocampus binding of aldosterone, corticosterone and dexamethasone is competed for by Glycyrrhetinic acid dose-dependently Coirini 1983 |
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Epstein-Barr virus early antigen induction in Raji cells was inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid, steviol, phyllodulcin and perrillartine Okamoto 1983 |
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Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice for peptic ulcer. Glick 1982 |
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Prostaglandin E2 production by activated rat peritoneal macrophages is inhibited by glycyrrhizin. Glycyrrhetinic acid, the aglycone, caused cells to detach from the dish Ohuchi 1981 |
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Wormicidal effect on Clonorchis sinensis by 206 plants: best were Platycodon, Schizandra, Polygala, Aster. Also effective were Smilax, Pueraria, Polygala, Scutellaria, Prunus, Glycyrrhiza, Angelica, Phytolacca, Cyrtomium Rhee 1981 |
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Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits the growth of several DNA and RNA viruses in cell cultures and inactivates Herpes simplex 1 virus irreversibly Pompei 1980 |
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Effect of FM 100, a fraction of licorice root, on exocrine secretion from the rat pancreas.
Ishii 1979 |
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Growth and cytopathology of several unrelated DNA and RNA viruses are inhibited by glycyrrhizic acid, while not affecting cell activity and ability to replicate Pompei 1979 |
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5 beta-reduction reduction of cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone is inhibited more than 5 alpha-reduction by GA and its derivatives Tamura 1979 |
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Liquorice and hypertension [Article in German]
Bienko 1978 |
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Liquorice extracts and confections reduced enamel dissolution in acidic buffers and inhibited the fall in pH Edgar 1978 |
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Acid production from a nonsugar licorice and different sugar substitutes in Streptococcus mutans monoculture and pooled plaque-saliva mixtures.
Toors 1978 |
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Estrogenic effect of licorice root [Article in German]
Van Hulle 1970 |
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The anti-estrogenic action of beta-glycyrrhetinic acid.
Kraus 1969 |
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Efficacy of glycerrhitinic acid as a steroidal agent.
Malhotra 1969 |
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Effect of glycyrrhizin on estrogen action.
Kumagai 1967 |
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Influence of compounds prepared from licorice root extract on beta-glucuronidase of the juice of Helix pomatia L [Article in French]
Cristol 1966 |
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Effect of glycyrrhizin on the suppressive action of glucocorticoids on the pituitary-adrenal axis [Article in Japanese]
Asanuma 1965 |
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Estrogenic substances from Egyptian Glycyrrhiza glabra. II. Beta-sitosterol as an estrogenic principle.
Zayed 1964 |
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"Antimicrobial agents from higher plants: prenylated flavonoids and other phenols from Glycyrrhiza lepidota "--Mitscher, Rao, Khanna, Veysoglu. 1983. Phytochemistry 22(2), 573-6
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"Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives; A mNovel Class of Inhibitors of Gap-Junctional Intercellular Communication, Structure-Activity Relationships"--Davidson et al., Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 246:3:1104-1107 (1988)
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"Inhibitory Effect of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Derivatives on Lipoxygenase and Protaglandin Synthetase"--Inoue et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2:897-901 (1986)
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"Antitumor-Promoting Activity of Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Its Related Compounds"--Nishino, Hoyoku, Cancer Chemoprevention, pp. 457-467 (1992)
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2-aminoethanesulfonic acid zinc complex improves hepatitis treatment over glutathione and glycyrrhizin; US Patent 5,489,609 |
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Animal Studies |
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Blood glucose levels in diabetic animals was lowered by water extract of ginseng, anemarrhena, licorice or gypsum Kimura 1999 |
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Octanol/water partition of cationic drugs was increased by dipotassium beta-glycyrrhizinate, a saponin originated from "kanzo" plant, especially at pH 4 - 5. Antihistamine benefit was potentiated in animals [Article in Japanese]
Odaka 1999 |
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Monooxygenases induced in the liver of rats fed substantial levels of licorice (3 g/kg) or glycyrrhizin (1/4 g/kg) include CYP3A, CYP1A2 and CYP2B1 and testosterone oxidases Paolini 1999 |
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Glycyrrhizin reduced the susceptibility of thermally injured mice to C. albicans infection; believed due to inducing CD4+ T cells which suppress type 2 cytokines Utsunomiya 1999 |
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Review of anti-ulcer activity of new derivatives of glycyrrhetic, oleanolic and ursolic acids finds delta 9,11 unsaturated and 11-methylene derivatives provide advantages in terms of acute toxicity and mineralocorticoid activity Farina 1998 |
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Ischemia induced myocardial injury in rabbits is reduced by glycyrrhizin (2 glucuronic acid residues) and glycyrrhizin (1 glucuronic acid) but not glycyrrhetinic acid (no glucuronic acid) Kilgore 1998 |
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CCl4 induced liver damage and serum alanine aminotransferase were reduced and NF-kappaB binding activity increased in rats given potenlini (glycyrrhizin) Wang 1998 |
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2-Deoxy-alpha-D-arabino- and -lyxo-hexopyranosides of methyl glycyrrhetinate had pronounced antiulcer activity and stimulated reparative skin regeneration in rats more than glycyrrhizic acid and methyluracil [Article in Russian]
Baltina 1997 |
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Galactosamine/LPS induced liver injury in mice was reduced by a butanol extract of Swertia japonica. Tetrahydroswertianolin, a tetrahydroxanthone was more potent than glycyrrhizin. Two iridoids, gentiopicroside & sweroside, were weaker Hase 1997 |
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Acetaminophen-glucuronide excretion was speeded in rats by pretreatment with methanol extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots (1 g/kg, p.o.) for 6 days Moon 1997 |
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Ganoderma lucidum appears to be more effective than Glycyrrhizin at reducing measures of liver damage and fibrosis in biliary obstructed rats Park 1997 |
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Croton oil-induced ear edema in mice was inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid Rui 1997 |
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Influenza virus survival in mice was increased by glycyrrhizin 10 mg/kg i.p. Utsunomiya 1997 |
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Glycyrrhizin remarkably improved the sustaining process but not the acute phase of the liver injury induced in mice by delayed-type hypersensitivity to picryl chloride Xu 1997 |
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Survival time, but not mortality rate, was improved in mouse AIDS by Stronger Neo-Minophagen C (glycyrrhizin, glycine and cysteine) Watanbe 1996 |
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Natural killer (NK) activity is enhanced in mice by Shosaiko-to a Kampo mixture of Bupleuri Radix, Pinelliae Tuber, Scutellariae Radix, Zizyphi Fructus, Ginseng Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Zingiberis Rhizoma Yamaoka 1996 |
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Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and atherogenic lipoproteins in serum of rabbits were decreased by glycyrretic acid [Article in Russian]
Zakirov 1996 |
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Tetrachloromethane induced liver damage is reduced by glycyrrhizinic acid derivatives in rats [Article in Russian]
Nasyrov 1995 |
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Radiation-induced lipid peroxidation was reduced by Liquorice uraliensis pretreatment for 2 weeks in rats [Article in Russian]
Palagina 1995 |
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Choleretic effect of low concentrations of umbelliferon (7-idroxycoumarin) in rats [Article in Italian]
Raggi 1995 |
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Survival to Ehrlich ascites tumour increased in mice given glycyrrhizin Rossi 1995 |
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Stress induced hypotension in rats is reduced by glycyrrhizic acid or deoxycorticosterone Ruszymah 1995 |
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Herpes (HSV 1) resistance is lowered by burn 100 fold and restored by glycyrrhizin 10 mg/kg i.p. in mice, possibly by inducing CD4 T cells Utsunomiya 1995 |
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Plasma concentration-time curves of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid after licorice extract oral administration in rats were much lower than with pure glycyrrhizin, indicating lower bioavailability Wang 1995 |
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TPA induced inflammation in mice was reduced by Rikkunshi-to and its components, Hoelen, Glycyrrhizae and Atractylodis Yasukawa 1995 |
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Plasmodium falciparum (both chloroquine-susceptible or resistant) were inhibited in vitro by Licochalcone A, isolated from Chinese licorice roots. Licochalcone A, i.p. or orally, for 3-6 days protected mice from an otherwise lethal P. yoelii infection Chen 1994 |
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Acetaminophen-induced liver injury was decreased Glycyrrhizin, alpha-GA, and beta-GA in mice Liu 1994 |
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Stressed rats had low testicular 11 beta-OHSD and plasma testosterone and high plasma corticosteroid. Corticosterone inhibition of Leydig cell testosterone was enhanced by glycyrrhetinic acid Monder 1994 |
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Glycyrrhizin is less effective than its aglycone, glycyrrhetinic acid at protecting the liver against D-galactosamine Nose 1994 |
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Histamine induced tracheal systoliea is inhibited by Aster tataricus plus Glycyrrhiza uralensis in guinea pigs [Article in Chinese]
Liu 1993 |
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Liquorice: new insights into mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid hypertension.
Morris 1993 |
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Carbon tetrachloride-induced increases of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase were inhibited by Glycyrrhiza flavonoids dose-dependently in mice [Article in Chinese]
Wang 1993 |
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mRNA of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11B HSD) is reduced in rats fed glycyrrhizic acid at 75 mg/kg.day for 5 days Whorwood 1993 |
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Abnormal accumulation of fibrillar collagen in the heart is associated with hyperaldosteronism due to aldosterone or deoxycorticosterone whereas no myocardial fibrosis was seen with glycyrrhizic acid in rats Brilla 1992 |
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18 beta-glycyrrhetate counteracts arrhythmia induced by chloroform, lengthens the appearance time of arrhythmia induced by CaCl2, retards the heart rate of rats and rabbits, and partly antagonizes the acceleration effect of isoproterenol on rabbit hearts [Article in Chinese]
Li 1992 |
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Peripheral monocyte activation is inhibited by glycyrrhizin stimulated fibroblasts, in vitro. Pulmonary granulomas (induced in guinea pigs by Sephadex beads) are suppressed by glycyrrhizin i.p. Matsushima 1992 |
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Tumors growth was slower in mice treated with glycyrrhizin. Established solid tumors were eliminated by glycyrrhizin with IL2 but not either alone Suzuki 1992 |
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Serum glycyrrhetinic acid was 7.9 microgm/ml in rats fed 3% dietary licorice root extract. Liver glutathione transferase, catalase, and protein kinase C were induced up to 50% in response to increasing doses of soybean meal or licorice extract Webb 1992 |
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Testosterone reduction by hepatic 5 beta-reductase is inhibited competitively by glycyrrhetinic acid and non-competively by secosteroid Yoshida 1992 |
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Zhigancao (from licorice) injection can antagonize arrhythmia induced by chloroform, adrenaline, aconitine, strophanthine K and BaCl, slow the heart rate, prolong P-R and Q-T intervals and antagonise positive chronotropic response induced by isoprenaline [Article in Chinese]
Chen 1991 |
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Intracerebroventricular infusion of aldosterone increases resting blood pressure due to receptors in the hippocampus, amygdala, lateral septum, and hypothalamus believed important for regulation of ACTH release, arousal and fluid osmolality Gomez Sanchez 1991 |
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Candida albicans mortality was decreased from 100% to 65% and survival time extended from 7 to 11 days by pretreatment with glycyrrhizine at 0.5 mg/(kg.d) for 15-20 d in mice [Article in Chinese]
Guo 1991 |
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Glucose use in subregions of the hypothalamus, hippocampus, neocortex and subthalamus was increased by glycyrrhetinic acid possibly due to regional 11 beta-OHSD mRNA expression and bioactivity in the brain Seckl 1991 |
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Arachidonic and TPA induced edema and DMBA/TPA induced papilloma were inhibited by licochalcone A (3-a,a-dimethylallyl-4,4'-dihydroxy-6-methoxychalcone) Shibata 1991 |
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Metabolic effects of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra) on lipid distribution pattern, liver and renal functions of albino rats. MS.
Sitohy 1991 |
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Histamine-induced wheezing test is inhibited by Glycyrrhiza uralensis decoction i.p. but not by glycyrrhetinic acid in guinea pigs [Article in Chinese]
Zhao 1991 |
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Glycyrrhizin in plasma reaches a maximum 8 hours after ingestion in rats and fell slowly [Article in Japanese]
Ozaki 1990 |
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Streptozotocin hyperglycaemia is offset by 6.25% of licorice in diet in mice Swanston-Flatt 1990 |
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Inflammation is reduced by Sanbi Rebao (Aconiti, Chuanxiong, Strychni, Glycyrrhizae, Angelicae, Ledebouriellae, Evodiae, etc.) [Article in Chinese]
Zhao 1990 |
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Sorbitol levels in red blood cells was lowered by 150 mg/kg baicalin 124 to 73 nmol/g and by 7.5 ml/kg liquid extract of licorice 117 to 81 nmol/g in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats without affecting blood glucose [Article in Chinese]
Zhou 1990 |
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Survival of mice bearing P-388 lymphocytic leukemia was increased helanalin (8 mg/kg/d, i.p.) with either glycyrrhetinic acid (15 mg/kg/d), cysteine, mercaptoethanolamine or diaminodiphenylsulfone Hall 1989 |
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Corticosterone is increased by Bupleuri or Glycyrrhizae in rats Hattori 1989 |
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Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) inhibition of renal 11 beta-dehydrogenase in rats is not affected by dexamethasone. GA inhibits kidney conversion of corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone indicating mechanism is not intrinsic mineralocorticoid activity Monder 1989 |
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Carbenoxolone or deglycyrrhized liquorice have no effect on prostaglandin E, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2 in rats, indicating anti-ulcer effect is by a non-prostaglandin mechanism Bennett 1985 |
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18 alpha-GA is more active than 18 beta-GA for carrageenan-induced edema in mice, which could be explained by its stereochemical structure of D/E trans conformation Amagaya 1984 |
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Antitumor-promoting activity of glycyrrhetic acid in mouse skin tumor formation induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene plus teleocidin Nishino 1984 |
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Deglycyrrhinised liquorice reduced aspirin induced gastric mucosal damage from 17 to 8 in rats Russell 1984 |
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Anti-inflammatory activity was observed with glycyrrhizic acid, 3 and 30 mg/kg p.o. in mice, equivalent to a normal human dose Sugishita 1984 |
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Leukemia survival of mice was increased by mitomycin with Juzentaihoto (Astragali, Cinnamomi, Rehmanniae, Paeonia, Cnidii, Atractylodis, Angelicae, Ginseng, Hoelen and Glycyrrhizae) Aburada 1983 |
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The protective effect of deglycyrrhinized liquorice against aspirin and aspirin plus bile acid-induced gastric mucosal damage, and its influence on aspirin absorption in rats.
Morgan 1983 |
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Corticoid-like action of liniments based on licorice root preparations [Article in Russian]
Murav'ev 1983 |
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The effect of liquorice decoction on the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages of stressed mice [Article in Chinese]
Sun 1982 |
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Stomach fundus glands in which mucus secreting cells occur was increased by deglycyrrhizinised liquorice in rats; believed due to increased cell differentiation and proliferation van Marle 1981 |
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Aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats: cimetidine and deglycyrrhizinated liquorice together give greater protection than low doses of either drug alone Bennett 1980 |
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Histamine-, serotonin-, bradykinin-, and formalin-induced edemas are inhibited by glycyrrhizin derivatives [Article in Russian]
Nasyrov 1980 |
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Effect of a deglycyrrhizinised liquorice compound on the gastric mucosal barrier of the dog Morris 1974 |
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Effect of deglycyrrhizinized liquorice on gastric acid secretion, histidine decarboxylase activity and serum gastrin level in the rat.
Hakanson 1973 |
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Analytical Chemistry |
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GC determination of 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, the main metabolite of glycyrrhizin after oral licorice consumption in human urine Guillaume 1999 |
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Glycyrrhizin synthesis was high in May, June and September, and low in August and winter. Isoliquiritigenin glycoside changes are a little different suggesting different regulation Hayashi 1998 |
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Glycyrrhizin-producing G. glabra, G. uralensis and G. inflata have nearly identical ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate DNA. This was compared with non- glycyrrhizin G. echinata and G. pallidiflora Hayashi 1998 |
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HPLC measurement of saponins at 254 nm and flavonoids at 350 nm from licorice roots [Article in Japanese]
Kitagawa 1998 |
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Licoagrodione isolated from root culture and structure elucidated Li 1998 |
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Phenolic constituents of licorice (Glycyrrhiza species).
Nomura 1998 |
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Solid-phase extraction of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid from plasma or serum, with subsequent analysis by HPLC at 248 nm has a detection limit of 10 ng/ml Russel 1998 |
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Type 1 reductase inhibition: 11a-OH-progesterone > carbenoxolone = glycyrrhetinic acid = progesterone > 11B-OH-progesterone. Type 2 dehydrogenase inhibition: 11a-OH-progesterone = 11B-OH-progesterone > glycyrrhetinic acid > carbenoxolone = progesterone Bujalska 1997 |
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Sequence and structure analysis of 60 steroid binding enzymes: only one residue is strictly conserved but all have the dinucleotide-binding Rossmann fold and homologous catalytic residues containing the conserved tyrosine. Full text available Duax 1996 |
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Licorice induces high blood pressure by inhibiting a steroid dehydrogenase in the kidney, and appears to combat ulcers by inhibiting another in the stomach or of bacteria involved Duax 1996 |
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Lipoxygenase purified from soy by glycyrrhizin affinity column chromatography has some likeness to LOX-3 Shimoyama 1996 |
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HPLC separation of 5 glycyrrhetic acids Andrisano 1995 |
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Glycyrrhitinic acid authorized as a reference standard has IR peaks at 1719, 1654, 1216, and 1170 cm-1[Article in Japanese]
Okada 1995 |
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Benzoic acid, formononetin, isoliguiritigenin, liquiritigenin, 4',7-dihydroxyflavone, formononetin-7-glucoside, liquiritin, gallic acid, paeoniflorin, isoliquiritin and glycyrrhizin acid were isolated from water extract of Paeoniae and Glycyrrhizae [Article in Chinese]
Tan 1995 |
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Crystal structure of bacterial 3 alpha, 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with carbenoxolone at 2.2 A Ghosh 1994 |
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Glycyrrhizic acid could be recovered over 10% (7% higher than from water treatment) when the licorice root was cut into pieces and then extracted by fluxing for 3 times with 60% alcohol containing 0.3% ammonia [Article in Chinese]
Huang 1994 |
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5 new flavonoids: glucoliquiritin apioside (a flavonone bisdesmoside), prenyllicoflavone A (a bisprenylflavone), shinflavone (a prenylated pyranoflavanone), shinpterocarpin and 1-methoxyphaseollin (pyranopterocarpans), and other flavonoids and saponins Kitagawa 1994 |
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Oleanane glycosides from roots of Glycyrrhiza yunnanensis.
Ohtani 1994 |
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Simple and sensitive HPLC determination at 251 nm of glycyrrhyzin and glycyrrhetic acid in biological samples Raggi 1994 |
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5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-5'- or -6' -isoprenylflavones in leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis [Article in Chinese]
Jia 1993 |
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3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxy-3'-methoxy-6-isoprenyl flavone (gancaonin P-3'-methylether) in leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis [Article in Chinese]
Jia 1993 |
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Saponin L3 (oleanene oligoglycoside) and isoliquiritin apioside (chalcone oligoglycoside) structure determined Kitagawa 1993 |
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Apio-glycyrrhizin and arabo-glycyrrhizin (sweet oleanane oligoglycosides) from Glycyrrhiza inflata roots Kitagawa 1993 |
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Saponins A3, B2, and C2 identified in Glycyrrhiza uralensis root Kitagawa 1993 |
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Oleanane saponins D3, E2, F3, G2, H2, J2, and K2 from roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Kitagawa 1993 |
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Squasapogenol (olean-11,13(18)-diene-3 beta, 22 beta-diol) identified in roots of Glycyrrhiza squamulosa. Also betulinic acid, methyl ester of macedonic acid and soyasapogenol [Article in Chinese]
Liang 1993 |
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Ionic HPLC determination of glycyrrhizin at 254 nm detects to 13ng [Article in Chinese]
Liu 1993 |
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Glypallichalcone (4-hydroxy-2,4'-dimethoxy-chalcone) from G. pallidiflora was elucidated. Also identified were 4'-O-methylcoumestrol, N-acetyl-glutamic acid, formononetin and beta-sitosterol [Article in Chinese]
Cai 1992 |
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Flavonoid and anthocyanin glycosides from dried leaves of Glycyrrhiza uralensis [Article in Chinese]
Jia 1992 |
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5-O-methyllicoricidin: a new and potent benzodiazepine-binding stimulator from Glycyrrhiza uralensis.
Lam 1992 |
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Oleanane glycosides, yunganosides A1, B1, C1, D1, E2 and F2 were isolated from Glycyrrhiza yunnanensis roots and elucidated along with hypaphorine Ohtani 1992 |
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Glyeurysaponin and uralsaponin B from Glycyrrhiza eurycarpa were elucidated [Article in Chinese]
Cai 1991 |
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GBW, a (1----4) linked alpha-D-glucan, was isolated from the alkaline aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Liu 1991 |
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Glycyrrhizan GA is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: L-rhamnose: D-galacturonic acid: D-glucuronic acid in the molar ratio 22:10:1:2:1 Shimizu 1991 |
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Neoglycyrol (C21H18O6) elucidated. Liquiritin, hexacosance, beta-sitosterol, licoricone liquiritigenin identified from G. uralensis roots Wang 1991 |
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TLC densitometric method for the determination of glycyrrhetinic acid [Article in Chinese]
Yang 1991 |
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Glycyrrhizic acid, uralsaponins A and B in Chinese licorice roots separated by HPLC (47% acetonitrile, 258 nm) [Article in Chinese]
Zeng 1991 |
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Anti-complement polysaccharides from roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Zhao 1991 |
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Five pentacyclic triterpenoids from G. glabra Elgamal 1990 |
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3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxy-5'-isoprenylflavone (uralenol), 3,6,7,3',4'-pentahydroxy-2'-isoprenylflavone (neouralenol) and 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-5'-isoprenyl-flavonone (uralenin) and quercetin-3,3'-dimethylether from leaves of G. uralen | | | | | |
